Overview of Average Retirement Savings Measurements

About half of those approaching Retirement have no Retirement Savings.  This group is the same as the 47% of Americans who pay no income tax.  So we have about half of Americans, that sadly, don’t matter economically. They don’t earn much, they don’t save and they live paycheck to paycheck or social security check to Social Security check. Average retirement savings = $0.

This group comprises the major ingredient in the recipe for retirement disaster. They are totally reliant on a Social Security Trust Fund that gets smaller every day.

It’s important to keep this in mind when looking at average retirement savings for American workers as this group weighs heavily on the statistics.  When included in averages, this group helps paint an unrealistically negative picture of average retirement savings in America. When possible, I attempt to separate this group and provide data for those people who do contribute to the national economy.

However, even when this group is removed, the retirement savings picture of a typical worker is not rosy.

When possible, it is better to use median rather than average as “average” is distorted by wealthy families. Median, you will recall, is the number in the middle—half of the people have saved more and half have saved less.  Contrastingly, average sums all the amounts saved and divides by the number of people.  So you can see how a few billionaires can distort the data.

Note that the data gathered and displayed in this post differs depending on which statistical source is consulted.

And last, the way the government and other institutions do these surveys is inconsistent and may not be representative.  They look at retirement savings as money in defined benefit and defined contribution plans, IRAs and 401ks. But if you have $100,000 in a bank account, that is not counted as “retirement savings.”  This author finds that rigid classification distorting and where possible, I give you figures on average net worth (i.e. wealth) by age.

Federal Reserve Board Panel Survey of Consumer Finances

For those ages 55-64, the group on the cusp of retirement, median net worth fell from $192,000 to

$166,000 in the period 2010 to 2013 (the most recent study year).
While the decline may be to do the great recession, this group has little time to recover before retirement. And when we say “net worth” we mean everything the family owns minus debts.  Here you can see the net worth for other age groups.

Interestingly, families get “richer” after retirement. Many people hold a notion that retirees use up their capital, but so far, that is not so.

Net Worth by Age (thousands of dollars)

Age of head of family	2010	2013	change
Less than 35	10	10.4	4
35–44	45.2	46.7	3
45–54	126.3	105.3	-17
55–64	192.3	165.9	-14
65–74	221.5	232.1	5
age 75+	232.3	194.8	-16

Note that some data is per individual and some base on households.  The table above shows household wealth (wealth and net worth are used interchangeably).

I focus first on net worth because almost any asset can become retirement savings. For example, one can sell their home and move to an apartment and convert home equity to their retirement fund. However, the amount earmarked as retirement savings for this group is a median of $10,000-$20,000.

If we segregate only the people with retirement savings, the numbers of course look better with a median retirement savings of $106,113:

Economic Policy Institute (EPI)

Retirement Savings by Age

The first chart shows median retirement savings by age for everybody—whether they have any retirement savings (IRA, 401k, etc.) or not. It includes both those who say they do have savings and the half of respondents who say they have no retirement savings.

When we look at everyone en masse, you can see by the chart below that people have saved almost nothing, regardless of age.

But it does not make sense to include the people who report they indeed have saved nothing -- about half of Americans. Here is the same chart but those who say they have no retirement savings are excluded. Note that for some odd reason, the EPI uses median in the first chart (the best measure) and mean in the chart below.  Using the mean makes the data appear better than reality.

And the last chart shows us everyone with the difference between mean (distorted by the by the wealthy) and median (a better measure).

You can see that the mean retirement account balance for all families is $95,776 but the median is a significantly smaller $11,228.

Employee Benefit Research Institute – Retirement Confidence Survey 2013

Retirement Savings by Age

This study offers more granularity. Rather than displaying the mean or median, it displays the distribution of the amount saved by age group.  For example, the table below shows that of those age 35-44, 37% have saved less than $1000, and 15% have saved $250,000 or more.

This study defines retirement savings in an odd way, eliminating the amount in defined benefit plans (a significant source of retirement income for those who have DB plans) and primary residence. This measurement of retirement savings strikes the author as odd and possibly meaningless.

Do Underestimates of Retirement Needs lead to Low Retirement Savings?

A possible reason for anemic average retirement savings could be the amount savers believe they will need in retirement.  The same EBRI study illustrates how much people believe they need.

About half of this surveyed think that less than $500,000 will be sufficient. Let’s take a look at this gap between expectations and reality.

Let’s use the rule of thumb in financial planning that your retirement nest egg can stand withdrawals of 4% annually, adjusted annually for inflation, and last through retirement. (Get a more accurate estimate using  our retirement calculator).

So 4% x $500,000 is $20,000 in today’s dollars. Add in the $16,176 average social security benefit for a total income of $36,176.

We need to also account for potential use of home equity in retirement and other assets not typically included as retirement assets.  Might that add another 20% to retirement income for a total around $43,000?  While that seems like a comfortable amount for living on a beach in Mexico, it does not seem adequate for living in the US, especially in a metropolitan area, to say nothing of money for travel.

Is it possible that the anemic retirement savings rate is due to the underestimate of the amount people really need?

Other Factors that Contribute to Low Average Retirement Savings

Hewitt Associates

Here’s another look at the same issue.  Hewitt Associates estimates that the average projected post-retirement income replacement needed among employees of large U.S. employers is 126 percent of final pay, a level only about 19 percent of employees are expected to satisfy.  Why 126%?

Because they realistically factor in the impact of inflation and health care costs, two costs for which most retirees have overlooked the magnitude.

If we assume that the average person earns $40,000 annually, they would need about $50,000 in retirement income, requiring an average retirement savings of $833,000 (not taking into account any social security income).

In fact, according to Hewitt, about 67 percent of the more than 1.8 million employees of 72 large U.S. employers tracked in the study are expected to have accumulated less than 80 percent of their projected needs at age 65.

It’s clear that we will see many more individuals working well into their 70's just to pay their bills and survive. Unless savings rates make a big change, average retirement savings by retirement date will be too low.

Ben Stein

Economist and humorist Ben Stein set out to answer the question, 'Why won't the baby boomers save?' According to Stein, the average baby boomer needs to save about $400,000 to have sufficient interest income to make up the difference between Social Security and what he or she needs for retirement.
Yet the average retirement savings of baby boomers has saved only $50,000—or $110,000 if you
include equity in their homes. He called this a crisis in the making.

Humorously exploring the question of how we got to this point, Stein suggested a number of possible causes for low average retirement savings. First, he suggested, baby boomers have 'always had it too good.'

Never having lived through economic hard times, they lack the discipline to save. He also proposed
a Freudian explanation: the false sense that mommy and daddy—or the government—will always
bail them out if they get in trouble. A third possibility drew on the theories of behavioral psychologist
B.F. Skinner: saving offers no immediate gratification, while spending provides immediate positive reinforcement such as a flat-panel plasma TV set or a new car. The final theory suggested that baby boomers felt compelled 'to obey the media consumer spending machine.'

Whatever the cause, Stein concluded, many baby boomers in retirement will have to cut their
standard of living drastically, while others will simply run out of money. The baby boomers may
actually have saved more than the previous generation of Americans, but because fewer of them have DB pension plans, they are worse off.  In other words, because baby boomers must save on their own whereas their parents largely had company retirement plans, this generation's average retirement savings rate is lower.

No matter who you listen to and what statistics are used, the average retirement savings of baby boomers is inadequate.

Comparison -- Average Retirement Savings by Generation

There are notable differences in retirement savings habits and outlook among baby boomers, Gen-Xers and millennials.

The Transamerica Retirement Survey reports these observations from their survey of 4000+ workers:
Baby Boomer workers (81 percent) are mostly likely to be saving for retirement through their employer’s plan and/or outside of work, followed by Generation X (77 percent) and Millennials (68 percent). This is as expected.  As boomers are closest to retirement with the fewest years to “D-Day”(and a third are already in retired), we would expect them to be the most active savers.

But unexpectedly, retirement confidence is highest among Millennials (63 percent) and

Baby Boomers (61 percent) and notably lower among Generation X workers (54 percent). Millennials are optimistic even though they are burdened by $1 trillion+ of student debt and have a lower standard of living than the other cohorts. They also have a more dismal retirement future:

• Social security will be running out of funds by 2045, if not already dry
• Technology such as robotics displaces workers without advanced education at an increasing pace (how many truck drivers will we need if trucks are self-driving)?
• Technology and outsourcing drive down wages, giving Millenials the worst standard of living since WWII.

Against the odds. Millennials maintain their retirement optimism.  They have the most realistic outlook on how much is takes to retire and how long they need to save.
Workers across generations believe that they will need to have saved $1 million (median) to feel financially secure when they retire. Millennials (33 percent) are more likely than Generation X (30 percent) or Baby Boomers (27 percent) to believe they will need to have saved $2 million or more. Among those saving for retirement, Millennials started at a younger age (median age 23) compared to Generation X (median age 28) and Baby Boomers (median age 34).

Average Retirement Savings by Gender

Women Worse off than Men

Financial Finesse estimates a 26% lower amounts saved by women than men. And they are 27% more likely than males to have no retirement savings.

Men are also likely to have larger savings balances at the higher end.  Men are twice as likely as women to have savings balances of $200,000 or more.

It’s somewhat obvious this gender gap would exist as the pay difference is far from closed.  If men earn more, they can save more.  The 2015 U.S. Census Bureau data that shows women earned $0.79 for every dollar men earned in full-time positions.

Additionally, men don’t have a multi-year absence from the workforce as many women do to raise children.  And the absence occurs early in one’s career.  It’s those early dollars that have more years to compound and are worth the most at retirement age.

Silver lining

Bankrate maintains a financial security index.  One component addresses retirement savings rates. Recently, as the unemployment rate has dropped and there has been an uptick in wage rates, retirement savings rates have improved.

Additionally, a rising stock market has a positive impact.  When one looks at their 401k balance getting larger, it’s an incentive to add more to the retirement pot.

It just makes sense that a strong economy helps people prepare for their future.

The post Average Retirement Savings – How Do You Compare? appeared first on Retirement Income Blog.