History bears witness to the profound impact of the Bible on the life of nations, and to how it has moved and inspired many people, including statesmen and social reformers, to work for the betterment of their fellow human beings even at great cost to themselves.
(Rodrigo Duterte)
The Holy Bible Photo courtesy of Crosswalk |
Fidel Ramos is the first Filipino Protestant to become Philippine President. Photo courtesy of the Philippine Daily Inquirer |
Issues of translation and canon
While Christianity was supposedly brought to the Philippines by the Spanish, Filipinos were particularly forbidden to read the Bible. Since Bible reading is considered lawless among the laity, there were Filipinos who were forced to read it in secret. One of them would be Nicolas Zamora, known to be the first Filipino to be ordained a Protestant minister. There is also the notion that Jose Rizal read the Bible, albeit he was not a professing Protestant. In his discussion on the existence of purgatory, Rizal writes that the term did not appear anywhere in the Bible, suggesting that he might have read and studied the Bible as well. Of course, Zamora, and most likely Rizal as well, knew how to read the Hebrew, the Greek, the Latin, and the Spanish Bibles, yet many Filipinos at the time were not even educated in any foreign language (including Spanish). Reinforcing this observation is the lack of translation of the Bible to any vernacular in the Philippines during the period, perhaps except the translation of Luke to Pangasinan in 1887. This is best exemplified by an excerpt from Rizal's Noli Me Tangere. At one point, Fr. Damaso says that all should have knowledge of the Bible:
All should know by heart the Holy Scriptures and the lives of the saints and then I should not have to preach to you, O sinners! You should know such important and necessary things as the Lord’s Prayer, although many of you have forgotten it, living now as do the Protestants or heretics, who, like the Chinese, respect not the ministers of God. But the worse for you, O ye accursed, moving as you are toward damnation!
Jerome Photo courtesy of Wikipedia |
Marvel, O sinners! You, in spite of what you study, for which blows are given to you, you do not speak Latin, and you will die without speaking it! To speak Latin is a gift of God and therefore the Church uses Latin! I, too, speak Latin!Truly, while the sermon was said to be delivered in both Spanish and the vernacular (in this case, Tagalog), Latin was the language wherein the Bible was available in the Philippines. While there have been earlier translations, such as the Spanish translation of Fr. Felix Torres Amat in 1824, and the Pangasinan translation of Pastor Manrique Alonzo Lallave in 1887, they were not readily available to be read by most people. In the case of Alonzo Lallave, his attempt to distribute Bibles in Spanish were stopped by the colonial administration. Since it is the tradition of the Roman Catholic Church not to translate the Bible from the Latin Vulgate, as affirmed by the Council of Trent, it will not be until 1965 when the said church promulgates Dei verbum as a result of the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II). The document states that the Bible may be translated into other languages other than Latin. Of course, the Roman Catholic tradition may also hold some flaws, albeit there is indeed the point of losing details due to translation. For instance, the Vulgate was largely a translation work by Jerome of the available Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic texts in 382 to 405. Provided the church only wanted to keep the original language of the Bible, then it is certainly not in Latin. At any rate, other translations even before the Second Vatican Council like the English Douay-Rheims (1582, 1610) have been approved by the Roman Catholic Church, mainly as an instrument against the Protestant Reformation (or the Counter-Reformation).
A fragment of the Gospel of John, reputedly the oldest copy of the New Testament yet discovered. Photo courtesy of Wikipedia |
John Calvin Photo courtesy of Wikipedia |
Presbyterian missionary Robert Morrison (far right) is believed to be one of the first Protestants to conduct missions in China. In this 1828 illustration, the Bible is being translated. Photo courtesy of Wikipedia |
While not all of the Roman Catholic clergy in the Philippines then was similar to Fr. Damaso, it is correct to observe that the Bible was not widely studied among Filipinos for most of the Spanish colonial period. To this day, there are Filipino Roman Catholics who have not even read the Bible, which goes to show how this tradition has become firmly embedded in Philippine society. Evidently, it will be through the entry of the Protestant movement in the Philippines which will make the Bible translated in the indigenous languages of the Philippines, and will make it available for more Filipinos. During the 1830s to the 1850s, there were attempts from Protestant missions in China, and later in Japan (mainly British and American), to bring Bibles to the Philippines, and likely to begin evangelism as well, but they were not realized. At best, the circulation of these Bibles were confined in foreign commercial houses, which at the time have been growing in number. As of 1859, there were 15 foreign commercial houses in Manila, of which seven are British, and three are American.
In 1870, the German seller Heinrich Hoffenden saw the opportunity to distribute Bibles in the Philippines, figuring the change in the colonial administration would mean relaxation on the Bible ban. However, his little break came to an immediate end with yet another change in the colonial administration in 1871. In 1888, another attempt to bring Bibles was made by that of Alonzo Lallave, who was known for translating the Gospel of Luke to Pangasinan two years earlier. He got hold of one of the Protestant Bibles Hoffenden sold, leading him to become a Protestant pastor later. In 1896, Nicolas Zamora's father Paulino was arrested and exiled for being involved in the Philippine Revolution and for distributing copies of the Spanish Bible. In 1898, the first Protestant mission entered the archipelago, and they made use of the Pangasinan translation of Luke done by Alonzo Lallave, making it the first book of the Bible to be widely distributed in the Philippines. Among the first to receive a copy of these Bibles was President Emilio Aguinaldo himself. A year later, a Bible depot was established, which would lead to the founding of the Philippine Bible Society (PBS) with Rev. Jay Goodrich as its first general secretary. PBS is currently a member of the United Bible Societies (UBS), a global fellowship of some 149 national bible societies worldwide.
Pascual Poblete Photo courtesy of Wikipedia |
The Book of Isaiah is almost completely intact in the Dead Sea Scrolls or the Qumran Caves Scrolls. Photo courtesy of Wikipedia |
Later translations have the benefit of newer archaeological discoveries involving earlier copies of the Bible. For instance, there are the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in Qumran from 1946 to 1956. The scrolls are dated to be made at around the second century, making it around a hundred years older than the Vulgate, and around 700 years older than the Masoretic Text. To date, there are still parts of the Dead Sea Scrolls which were not deciphered. At any rate, the discovery of older copies show that there are parts of the Bible that were added later. This led newer translations, such as the New International Version and the English Standard Version, to omit, bracket, or footnote verses that were once present in older translations of the Bible, such as the King James Version, which derived more from the Vulgate and the Masoretic Text. Among the supposedly lost verses would include Matthew 18:11 (For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost.), and Acts 8:37 (Then Philip said, “If you believe with all your heart, you may.” And he answered and said, “I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.”). In addition, there are also later translations, such as the 2011 revision of the New International Version, which are gender neutral (e.g., brothers only or brothers and sisters).
These conscious choices among later translators brought controversy on which translations are more faithful to the original texts. There are some who choose to use only older translations like the King James Version and its derivative Ang Dating Biblia. Among them would be Filipino televangelist Eli Soriano. Meanwhile, there are some who choose to use only newer translations like the New International Version, and the English Standard Version. There are yet others who choose to use multiple translations to avoid relying heavily on a single version. A 2014 study in the United States shows that up to 55% of Americans prefer to use the King James Version, compared to 19% for the New International Version, and 26% to other English versions. In the perspective of history, unless older evidences surface, the conclusions reached by existing proof stands, albeit tentative at best. Also, one has to think if the supposedly lost verses would have changed the message of the Bible whether or not it was present.
Ferdinand Marcos election campaign Photo courtesy of the National Library |
What is the significance of the Bible today, besides having January as one whole month to commemorate its existence? For one, Filipinos seemed to have adapted the American tradition of having the Bible during presidential inaugurations. On December 30, 1953, Ramon Magsaysay became the first Philippine president to take oath of office with a Bible. Ferdinand Marcos took a step further by taking oath with two Bibles in 1965, one from his father Mariano (who was Aglipayan), and the other from his wife Imelda (who was Roman Catholic). As for Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, she took her oath of office in 2004 with the Bible used by his father Diosdado in his 1961 inauguration. The same goes for Benigno Simeon Aquino III, who took his oath with the Bible his mother Corazon used in 1986. While the Bible in this setting is not always noticeable, its low profile presence in every presidential inauguration suggests the continuing importance of the Bible in building the nation, or at least in the political sense, the increasing significance of Christian voters who regard the Bible with utmost importance.
Rodrigo Duterte holds the Bible Photo courtesy of Sunday Adelaja |
Of course, the message of the Bible seemingly resonates with many Filipinos mainly because it shows the love of God, culminating with the sacrifice of His Son Jesus Christ, to save His people from slavery to sin (Romans 6). For much of the recorded history of the Philippines, the Filipinos were considered second-class citizens by their colonizers, even if slavery was not officially enforced in the colony. Our colonizer was portrayed as a mother lacking love to her children, and the colonized sought a way out of such dismal situation. Meanwhile, God has not forgotten His people, even if parents may forget their own children (Isaiah 49:15). Apparently, Filipinos can heavily relate with this concept of freedom (John 8:36), even though there are colonial traditions in the Christian context which remain to this day. In this regard, Protestantism offers an alternative to the human traditions restricting Christians (Mark 7:8-9). However, while her Asian neighbors begin to show hastily growing Protestant populations (20% South Korea, 9% Malaysia, 7% Indonesia, 3% China, 2% Japan, 2% Vietnam), the Philippines remains a Roman Catholic majority (80%), with more or less 5% of the population being Protestants. It took the Protestant movement 120 years to reach its current standing in Filipino society, opening the Bible to every Filipino who would read. Has the movement lost steam, with the Bible relegated to a novelty item status, or will the movement continue to fulfill the Great Commission given by Jesus Christ, with the Word of God at its very heart?
For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.
(Hebrews 4:12)