“Ladies and gentlemen, good evening to you! A group of scientists in the laboratory of Telephone Company was researching in a field of metals called semiconductors and they wanted to find out what greater scientific value these metals might have. Transistors are entirely different in construction and work. It has a completely new principle!”
This was the introduction of a new episode of a scientific program upon the invention of the transistor.
In 1947, scientists discovered the transistor effect then the invention of it came to life. While in 1958 the first integrated circuit was made.

No surprise that those three scientists who invented the transistors were granted the Nobel Prize. As our life before 1947 is not the same at all after it.
Nowadays, our life is full of electronic devices which are based on transistors and semiconductor devices.
Everything around us is basically electronic; your laptop, mobile phone, smart watch, television and countless applications.
This revolution has invaded our world thanks to this great invention; Transistor!

In 1965, Gordon Moore made a prediction that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit would double every couple of years (Moore’s law).

Integrated circuits have grown exponentially from the 30-transistor devices of 1965 to today’s high-end microprocessors, exceeding 500 million transistors integrated on a silicon chip the size of your finger nail.
The sustainable challenge that faces technology pioneers is all about processing speed, and over all processing power.

As transistors number increases, processing speed increases too!
So people are oriented to increase the number of transistors for the sake of reinforcing performance and improving the quality. But is this infinitely applicable?!
Unfortunately, the answer is no! Shrinking transistor size to a certain limit will make us face the quantum effect sooner or later and consequently, it is logical that the next step is quantum computing!
Things are going to really be so tiny, and when it comes to quantum mechanics the problem begins!
Quantum mechanics’ effect will allow current to pass from drain to source even if we do not want it to pass! It is like if your room light switch broke down and remained on for good!
So according to previous givens; we need a very high speed and a unique performance but we cannot shrink transistor size to a certain extent which means that Moore’s law has to come to an end! And here “Photonics” role shows up!

Photonics ICs use light rather than electrons to perform a wide variety of optical functions.
Primary applications for photonic ICs are in the area of fibre optic communication through applications in other fields such as biomedical and photonic computing.

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