In primary school, teachers explained that Giraffes evolved a long neck to eat leafs on high acacia trees. Now, collaboration between US and Tanzania researchers has given us a genetic explanation for this magnificent mystery of the nature.

The comparison among giraffe and okapi Genomes reveals that 70 genes in giraffe genomes are differentially regulated in respect of other mammals; these genes are involved in skeletal and cardiovascular development. A strong and efficient pumping mechanism in the heart can maintain a highest blood pressure: this is necessary to prevent fainting when giraffes lower the heads to drink water. In addition, giraffes have a sloped back, long legs, and short trunks to maintain their balance and reach sprints up to 60 kilometers per hour. Interestingly, peculiar point mutations have been identified in the homeobox genes that are associated to spine and leg development.

This study is a great example of comparative genetic and biology because the comparison of more than 40 genomes of mammals, including sheep, cows and humans allows for the identification of the genetic changes in giraffes. Further analyses may expand the topic, but the immediate result of the study is to focus the attention on the plight of giraffes: only 80,000 animals are left on the continent because of habitat loss and illegal hunting.