Gerald Joseph "Gerry" Mulligan (April 6, 1927 – January 20, 1996) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, composer and arranger.
William "Red" Garland (May 13, 1923–April 23, 1984) was an American hard bop jazz pianist whose block chord style, in part originated by Milt Buckner, influenced many forthcoming pianists in the jazz idiom.
William "Red" Garland was born in Dallas, Texas in 1923. Though he came from a non-musical family, Garland showed an early interest in music. He began his musical studies on the clarinet and alto saxophone but in 1940 switched to the piano. Garland spent copious amounts of time practicing and rapidly developed into a proficient player. A short early career as a welterweight boxer did not seem to hurt his playing hands. He fought a young Sugar Ray Robinson before making the switch to a full-time musician.
Albums by Red Garland
Garland's trademark block chord technique, a commonly borrowed maneuver in jazz piano today, was unique and differed from the methods of earlier block chord pioneers such as George Shearing and Milt Buckner. Garland's block chords were constructed of three notes in the right hand and four notes in the left hand, with the right hand one octave above the left. The right hand played the melody in octaves with a perfect 5th placed in the middle of the octave (a 5th above the lowest note of the octave) even when it seemed to not suit the harmony. The 5th played in the middle of the octave becomes virtually inaudible when the chord in the left hand is played simultaneously, but the added 5th gives the voicings a particularly rich, distinctive and slightly out-of-tune character.[citation needed]
Garland's left hand played four note chords that simultaneously beat out the same exact rhythm as the right hand melody played. But, unlike George Shearing's block chord method, Garland's left hand chords did not change positions or inversions until the next chord change occurred. It's also worth noting that Garland's four note left hand chord voicings occasionally left out the roots of the chords, which later became a chord style associated with pianist Bill Evans. Garland's block chord method had a brighter quality, slightly more dissonance, and a fullness in the upper register compared to the mellower Shearing block chord sound. Garland's solo lines also had a glassy, shimmering tone that matched the quality of his chords.[citation needed]
Early work
After the Second World War, Garland performed with Roy Eldridge, Coleman Hawkins, Charlie Parker, and Lester Young. He found steady work in the cities of Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In the late 1940s he toured with Eddie Vinson at the same time that John Coltrane was in Vinson's band. His creativity and playing ability continued to improve, though he was still somewhat obscure. By the time he became a pianist for Miles Davis he was influenced by Ahmad Jamal and Charlie Parker's pianist Walter Bishop.[citation needed]
After the Second World War, Garland performed with Roy Eldridge, Coleman Hawkins, Charlie Parker, and Lester Young. He found steady work in the cities of Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In the late 1940s he toured with Eddie Vinson at the same time that John Coltrane was in Vinson's band. His creativity and playing ability continued to improve, though he was still somewhat obscure. By the time he became a pianist for Miles Davis he was influenced by Ahmad Jamal and Charlie Parker's pianist Walter Bishop.[citation needed]
Miles Davis Quintet
Garland became famous in 1955 when he joined the Miles Davis Quintet featuring John Coltrane, Philly Joe Jones and Paul Chambers. Davis was a big fan of boxing and was impressed that Garland had boxed earlier in his life. Together the group recorded their famous Prestige albums, Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet, Workin, Steamin', Cookin' and Relaxin'. Garland's style is prominent in these seminal recordings—evident in his distinctive chord voicings, his sophisticated accompaniment and his musical references to Ahmad Jamal's style.[citation needed] One critic[who?] dismissed Garland as a "cocktail" pianist. The quintet's recordings would arguably influence the Free jazz movement more than some of the more jazz avant-garde records of the time.[citation needed]
Garland played on the first of Davis's many Columbia recordings, 'Round About Midnight. Though he would continue playing with Miles, their relationship was beginning to deteriorate. By 1958, Garland and Jones had started to become more erratic in turning up for recordings and gigs. He was eventually fired by Miles, but later returned to play on another jazz classic, Milestones. Davis was displeased when Garland quoted Davis's much earlier and by then famous solo from "Now's The Time" in block chords during the slower take of "Straight, No Chaser." Garland walked out of one of the sessions for Milestones, so that on the track "Sid's Ahead" Davis comped behind the saxophone solos.
Garland became famous in 1955 when he joined the Miles Davis Quintet featuring John Coltrane, Philly Joe Jones and Paul Chambers. Davis was a big fan of boxing and was impressed that Garland had boxed earlier in his life. Together the group recorded their famous Prestige albums, Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet, Workin, Steamin', Cookin' and Relaxin'. Garland's style is prominent in these seminal recordings—evident in his distinctive chord voicings, his sophisticated accompaniment and his musical references to Ahmad Jamal's style.[citation needed] One critic[who?] dismissed Garland as a "cocktail" pianist. The quintet's recordings would arguably influence the Free jazz movement more than some of the more jazz avant-garde records of the time.[citation needed]
Garland played on the first of Davis's many Columbia recordings, 'Round About Midnight. Though he would continue playing with Miles, their relationship was beginning to deteriorate. By 1958, Garland and Jones had started to become more erratic in turning up for recordings and gigs. He was eventually fired by Miles, but later returned to play on another jazz classic, Milestones. Davis was displeased when Garland quoted Davis's much earlier and by then famous solo from "Now's The Time" in block chords during the slower take of "Straight, No Chaser." Garland walked out of one of the sessions for Milestones, so that on the track "Sid's Ahead" Davis comped behind the saxophone solos.
After the Miles Davis Quintet
In 1958 Garland formed his own trio. Among the musicians the trio recorded with are Pepper Adams, Nat Adderley (Cannonball Adderley's brother), Ray Barretto, Kenny Burrell,Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Jimmy Heath, Harold Land, Philly Joe Jones, Blue Mitchell, Ira Sullivan, and Leroy Vinnegar. The trio also recorded as a quintet with John Coltrane and Donald Byrd.[citation needed]
Altogether Garland led 19 recording sessions while at Prestige Records and was involved in 25 sessions for Fantasy Records. He stopped playing professionally for a number of years in the 1960s when the popularity of rock and roll music coincided with a substantial drop in the popularity of jazz.
Garland eventually returned to his native Texas in the 1970s. His mother was in need of closer supervision in her declining years. He led a recording in 1977 named Crossings which reunited him with Philly Joe Jones, and he teamed up with world-class bassist Ron Carter. His later work tended to sound more modern and less polished than his better known recordings. He continued recording until his death from a heart attack in 1984, aged 61.
Albums by Red Garland
As leader
In 1958 Garland formed his own trio. Among the musicians the trio recorded with are Pepper Adams, Nat Adderley (Cannonball Adderley's brother), Ray Barretto, Kenny Burrell,Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Jimmy Heath, Harold Land, Philly Joe Jones, Blue Mitchell, Ira Sullivan, and Leroy Vinnegar. The trio also recorded as a quintet with John Coltrane and Donald Byrd.[citation needed]
Altogether Garland led 19 recording sessions while at Prestige Records and was involved in 25 sessions for Fantasy Records. He stopped playing professionally for a number of years in the 1960s when the popularity of rock and roll music coincided with a substantial drop in the popularity of jazz.
Garland eventually returned to his native Texas in the 1970s. His mother was in need of closer supervision in her declining years. He led a recording in 1977 named Crossings which reunited him with Philly Joe Jones, and he teamed up with world-class bassist Ron Carter. His later work tended to sound more modern and less polished than his better known recordings. He continued recording until his death from a heart attack in 1984, aged 61.
Albums by Red Garland
As leader
A Garland of Red
(1956; Prestige Records)
Red Garland's Piano (1956; Prestige Records)
Soul Junction
(1957; Prestige Records)
(1956; Prestige Records)
Red Garland's Piano (1956; Prestige Records)
Soul Junction
(1957; Prestige Records)
High Pressure
(1957; Prestige Records)
All Mornin' Long
(1957)
Dig It!
(1958)
All Mornin' Long
(1957)
Dig It!
(1958)
Soul Burnin'
(1960; Prestige Records)
Keystones! (1977; Xanadu Records)
Red Alert
(1977; Galaxy Records)
(1960; Prestige Records)
Keystones! (1977; Xanadu Records)
Red Alert
(1977; Galaxy Records)
As sideman
With John Coltrane
Traneing In
(1957)
Lush Life
(1957)
Soultrane
(1958)
With Miles Davis
Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet
(1955)
Cookin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
Relaxin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
(1955)
Cookin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
Relaxin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
Workin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
Steamin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
'Round About Midnight
(1957)
Steamin' with The Miles Davis Quintet
(1956)
'Round About Midnight
(1957)
Porgy and Bess
(1958)
Milestones (1958)
With Art Pepper
With Art Pepper
Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section
(1957)
(1957)
