"عصر النهضه"، هو المصطلح الذي يتم الاشاره به الي الفتره من القرن الـ14 وحتي منتصف القرن الـ17 في اوروبا، اي بعد انتهاء عصور الظلام الوسطي، وبدايه المناداه بحريه الفكر وتجديده والخروج علي الاطر الجامده. وبدات بوادر تلك النهضه الحضاريه في ايطاليا ثم انتشرت الي باقي انحاء اوروبا.
تميّزت تلك الفتره بانفتاح المبدعين علي تطوير الفنون، والسعي نحو خلق واقعية جديدة في تصوير ومحاكاه الطبيعه، حيث قاموا بدراسات متانيه للطبيعه والشخصيه الانسانيه كتجسيد للثوره الثقافيه والفنيه، التي قامت ببعث شامل للاداب والفنون التي كادت ان تندثر.
ولم يبدا الفنانون الرواد في ثورتهم من فراغ، ولكن بالاعتماد – كغيرهم من فناني المدارس المختلفه- علي الثيمات الادبيه والدينيه والميثيولوجيه كموضوعات لابداعاتهم. وقد شكّلت الموضوعات الدينيه المصدر الاساسي لاعمإل ألتصوير والنحت، حيث اغترف الفنانون من حياه المسيح والعذراء والقديسين، المعروفه علي نطاق شعبي واسع، مضيفين اليها لمسه جديده تمزج بين الطبيعه وشفافيتها، واساطير الحياه اليوميه.
ولم يتخلّ فنانو عصر النهضه عن النسب الطبيعيه والابعاد الرياضيه في محاكاتهم للطبيعه والحياه المرئيه المحيطه بهم، ومحاولاتهم للتغلب علي مشكلات الواقع المنظور وتقديمه بشكل فني. ويرجع مؤرخو تلك الفتره ذلك، الي تاثر عدد من اهم فناني عصر النهضه بالرسام الايطالي بييرو ديلا فرانشيسكا بييرو ديلا فرانتشيسكا (1416-1492)، الذي كان اشبه بـOutsider Artist لقضائه اغلب حياته بعيدا عن فلورنسا التي كانت مركز الفن الايطالي، وساهم في نشر الفن الحديث -في حينها- وبسبب اهتمامه بالرياضيات والنظريات الهندسه، تميزت لوحاته بصرامه هندسيه تراعي نظريات المنظور في تصوير الاشياء، كما اعتمد علي الالوان المشرقه والناعمه.
والي جانب فرانشيسكا، كانت هناك شروحات المعماري فيليبو برونليسكي (1377-1446)، وتنظيرات ليون باتيستا البيرتي (1404-1472) لتطوير المنظور الخطي الواقعي، وصاحب ذلك تطوير الرسامين لتقنيات اخري بخصوص الضوء والظلال.
ونتعرّض لـ 5 فنانين ايطاليين، من ابرز رسامي عصر النهضه، ممن كان لهم دور ريادي في تطور فن الرسم.
ليوناردو دا فينشي ( 1452 – 1519 )
اشهر واهم فناني ايطاليا في عصر النهضة الأوروبية. كان رساما وعالما ونحاتا ومعماريا، ويرجع تنوع انجازاته ومواهبه الي شغفه الدائم للمعرفه والفضول العملي. امتد تاثيره علي الفن الايطالي حتي بعد وفاته، وقد وضع خلاصه فكره الفني في كتابه الشهير عن فن التصوير الزيتي، والذي يعرف باسم "نظريه التصوير".
ابن غير شرعي رعاه والده واشرف علي تعليمه وادرك نبوغه مبكرا في فن الرسم. رحل الي فلورنسا في شبابه لتعلّم النحت والرسم المعدني وقضي بها 30 عاما، ثم ذهب الي ميلانو وقضي بها 20 عاما اخري، اتبعها بـ19 عاما في الترحال المتامل لمعني الاتساق الكامن في الطبيعه.
طوّر دا فينشي كثيرا من فن التصوير، ووصلت تقنيات الالوان والضوء علي يديه الي مرحله متقدمه، تمكّن فيها من تحويل الاصباغ الملونه الي مرئيات حيّه. من اشهر لوحاته "الموناليزا" و"العشاء الاخير".
نحات ورسام ومعماري وشاعر ايطالي. اتخذ من الجسد البشري مركزا لاعماله الفنيه. كان يؤمن ان مصدر الفن هو الاحاسيس الداخليه، التي تنتج من تاثر الفنان بالبئيه المحيطه علي عكس ما كان يدعو ليوناردو دا فينشي.
منحوتاته النابضه بالحياه تصدر احساسا بقوه وعظمه الانسان، كما ان اعمآلة التصويريه تتجلي فيها عبقريته النحتيه، فتبدو وكانها ستبرز من الجدار. وتاثرت اعماله الفنيه بالفتره التاريخيه التي عاصرها، بكل ما فيها من تعصب الكنيسه وتطرفها، كما شهد الطفره العلميه بتبني العالم "كوبرنيكوس" لفكره وجود الشمس، وليس الارض كمركز المجموعه الشمسيه.
كان لانجازاته الفنيه اثر كبير علي فنون عصره والمراحل الفنيه الاوروبيه اللاحقه. عاش حياه طويله وزاخره بالنشاط، لم يتوقف عن العمل سوي قبل ايام من وفاته. كان مايكل انجلو متسقا مع ما يؤمن به، فقد تفاعل بحماس مع متغيرات عصره، وعبّر عن ذلك منذ حداثه سنه. نذكر مثلا منحوتته الجداريه بعنوان "معركه سانتاروس"، التي انجزها وهو في السادسه عشره من عمره، واستلهم موضوعها من اسطوره الخلق الاغريقيه.
انجز الفنان العديد من الايقونات الدينيه واسقف الكنائس الرائعه، واستطاع ترجمه قصص الكتاب المقدس الي لوحات زاهره، ولعل ابرز تلك الاعمال هي لوحه "خلق ادم"، التي تعتبر احدي قمم فن عصر النهضه، ورسمها بين عامي 1508 و 1512 علي سقف كنيسه سيستينا في الفاتيكان، وهي اكبر لوحة فنية علي سقف الكنيسه، وتُجسّد تصور مايكل انجلو الفني لقصه خلق الانسان، كما وردت في اناجيل العهد الجديد.
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian: [leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi] (About this soundlisten); 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, Painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and he is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter, and tank, he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal.
Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the "Universal Genius" or "Renaissance Man", an individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination", and he is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote". Marco Rosci notes that, while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality, his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious, although the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time.
Leonardo was born out of wedlock to notary Piero da Vinci and a peasant woman named Caterina in Vinci in the region of Florence, and he was educated in the studio of Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna, and Venice, and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France.
Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter. The Mona Lisa is the most famous of his works and the most parodied portrait, and The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time. His drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin, textbooks, and T-shirts. His painting Salvator Mundi sold for $450.3 million at a Christie's auction in New York on 15 November 2017, the highest price ever paid for a work of art. Perhaps 15 of his paintings have survived. Nevertheless, these few works compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary Michelangelo, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting.
Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, a type of armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. A number of his most practical inventions are displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, geology, optics, and hydrodynamics, but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.
رافاييل ( 1483 - 1520)
ولد في بيئه فنيه، ما سمح بتتلمذه في سن صغيره علي يد عدد من الفنانين. انتقل بعدها الي فلورنسا فتاثر باهم رموزها مثل دافينشي ومايكل انجلو. يعد واحدا من اعظم رسامي عصر النهضة الايطالية واكثرهم تاثيرا.
تميز اسلوبه بالرقه والعمق والجمال، وعنايته بانعكاس مشاعر كل شخصيه في لوحاته، الي جانب حساسيته في محاكاه المناظر الطبيعيه والمعماريه وانتقاء الالوان، والجمع بين دقه التنفيذ وتناغم الخطوط.
اكتسب مكانته وصيته كفنان فذّ بين جيله بعد رسمه جداريه "مدرسه اثينا في ستانزا ديلا سيجناتورا"، التي انفق لانجازها الكثير من البحث والدراسه والتخطيطات، اظهرت طاقته الهائله في الابتكار والابداع، ودشّنت اسلوبه القائم علي التدرج اللوني والمواضيع الهادئه والمناظر الواسعه. وعكست لوحاته المسيحيه ورعه الديني والتزامه.
كان رافاييل فنانا غزير الإنتاج، ورغم وفاته المبكرة في السابعة و الثلاثين، ترك لنا مجموعة كبيرة من الأعمال الفنية التي تشهد على عبقريته. لم ينل تلك الحظوة في حياته، نظرا لوجود مايكل أنجلو الساحق، ولكن بعد سنوات طويلة أعيد الاعتبار لأعمال رافاييل كنماذج أصيلة على التناغم الهاديء والرقة الدافئة.
A leading figure of Italian High Renaissance classicism, Raphael is best known for his "Madonnas," including the Sistine Madonna, and for his large figure compositions in the Palace of the Vatican in Rome.
Raphael was born on April 6, 1483, in Urbino, Italy. He became Perugino's apprentice in 1504. Living in Florence from 1504 to 1507, he began painting a series of "Madonnas." In Rome from 1509 to 1511, he painted the Stanza della Segnatura ("Room of the Signatura") frescoes located in the Palace of the Vatican. He later painted another fresco cycle for the Vatican, in the Stanza d'Eliodoro ("Room of Heliodorus"). In 1514, Pope Julius II hired Raphael as his chief architect. Around the same time, he completed his last work in his series of the "Madonnas," an oil painting called the Sistine Madonna. Raphael died in Rome on April 6, 1520.
Italian Renaissance painter and architect Raphael was born Raffaello Sanzio on April 6, 1483, in Urbino, Italy. At the time, Urbino was a cultural center that encouraged the Arts. Raphael’s father, Giovanni Santi, was a painter for the Duke of Urbino, Federigo da Montefeltro. Giovanni taught the young Raphael basic painting techniques and exposed him to the principles of humanistic philosophy at the Duke of Urbino’s court.
In 1494, when Raphael was just 11 years old, Giovanni died. Raphael then took over the daunting task of managing his father’s workshop. His success in this role quickly surpassed his father’s; Raphael was soon considered one of the finest painters in town. As a teen, he was even commissioned to paint for the Church of San Nicola in the neighboring town of Castello.
In 1500 a master painter named Pietro Vannunci, otherwise known as Perugino, invited Raphael to become his apprentice in Perugia, in the Umbria region of central Italy. In Perugia, Perugino was working on frescoes at the Collegio del Cambia. The apprenticeship lasted four years and provided Raphael with the opportunity to gain both knowledge and hands-on experience. During this period, Raphael developed his own unique painting style, as exhibited in the religious works the Mond Crucifixion (circa 1502), The Three Graces (circa 1503), The Knight’s Dream (1504) and the Oddi altarpiece, Marriage of the Virgin, completed in 1504.
In 1504, Raphael left his apprenticeship with Perugino and moved to Florence, where he was heavily influenced by the works of the Italian painters Fra Bartolommeo, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Masaccio. To Raphael, these innovative artists had achieved a whole new level of depth in their composition. By closely studying the details of their work, Raphael managed to develop an even more intricate and expressive personal style than was evident in his earlier paintings.
From 1504 through 1507, Raphael produced a series of "Madonnas," which extrapolated on Leonardo da Vinci's works. Raphael's experimentation with this theme culminated in 1507 with his painting, La belle jardinière. That same year, Raphael created his most ambitious work in Florence, the Entombment, which was evocative of the ideas that Michelangelo had recently expressed in his Battle of Cascina.
Raphael moved to Rome in 1508 to paint in the Vatican "Stanze" ("Room"), under Pope Julius II’s patronage. From 1509 to 1511, Raphael toiled over what was to become one of the Italian High Renaissance’s most highly regarded fresco cycles, those located in the Vatican's Stanza della Segnatura ("Room of the Signatura"). The Stanza della Segnatura series of frescos include The Triumph of Religion and The School of Athens. In the fresco cycle, Raphael expressed the humanistic philosophy that he had learned in the Urbino court as a boy.
In the years to come, Raphael painted an additional fresco cycle for the Vatican, located in the Stanza d'Eliodoro ("Room of Heliodorus"), featuring The Expulsion of Heliodorus, The Miracle of Bolsena, The Repulse of Attila from Rome and The Liberation of Saint Peter. During this same time, the ambitious painter produced a successful series of "Madonna" paintings in his own art studio. The famed Madonna of the Chair and Sistine Madonna were among them.
By 1514, Raphael had achieved fame for his work at the Vatican and was able to hire a crew of assistants to help him finish painting frescoes in the Stanza dell’Incendio, freeing him up to focus on other projects. While Raphael continued to accept commissions -- including portraits of popes Julius II and Leo X -- and his largest painting on canvas, The Transfiguration (commissioned in 1517), he had by this time begun to work on architecture. After architect Donato Bramante died in 1514, the pope hired Raphael as his chief architect. Under this appointment, Raphael created the design for a chapel in Sant’ Eligio degli Orefici. He also designed Rome’s Santa Maria del Popolo Chapel and an area within Saint Peter’s new basilica.
Raphael’s architectural work was not limited to religious buildings. It also extended to designing palaces. Raphael’s architecture honored the classical sensibilities of his predecessor, Donato Bramante, and incorporated his use of ornamental details. Such details would come to define the architectural style of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods.
On April 6, 1520, Raphael’s 37th birthday, he died suddenly and unexpectedly of mysterious causes in Rome, Italy. He had been working on his largest painting on canvas, The Transfiguration (commissioned in 1517), at the time of his death. When his funeral mass was held at the Vatican, Raphael's unfinished Transfiguration was placed on his coffin stand. Raphael’s body was interred at the Pantheon in Rome, Italy.
Following his death, Raphael's movement toward Mannerism influenced painting styles in Italy’s advancing Baroque period. Celebrated for the balanced and harmonious compositions of his "Madonnas," portraits, frescoes and architecture, Raphael continues to be widely regarded as the leading artistic figure of Italian High Renaissance classicism.
ساندرو بوتيتشيلي (1445 - 1510)
أحد رموز الحركة التشكيلية الايطالية في عصر النهضة، وتنبع أغلب لوحاته من الموضوعات الدينية والميثولوجية الإغريقية في مسحة من المثالية والبساطة. عاش بفلورنسا وعمل لصالح عائلة ميديسي، حيث أبدع الكثير من أعماله لزخرفة منازلها. وعلى عكس أقرانه من فناني فلورنسا، لم يشاركهم الاهتمام بالطبيعة وموافقة تصوير المناظر ذات الأبعاد لقوانين المنظور، ولكن تميّزت لوحاته بالخطوط الواضحة والألوان الهادئة والزخارف المتعددة.
يمكن تقسيم أعماله إلى قسمين: دنيوي وديني، صوّر فيها المتع الحسية والأساطير إلى جانب اللوحات الملحمية، التي تتعرض لموضوعات دينية. في مرحلة متأخرة من حياته حرق بعضا من لوحاته غير الدينية، واقتصر رسمه على اللوحات الدينية فقط بقية حياته.
من أشهر لوحاته واحدة بعنوان "ميلاد فينوس"، أنجزها في عام 1487، ويجسد فيها الفنان الإلهة فينوس – إلهة الحب والجمال لدى الرومان – لدى خروجها من البحر.
Sandro Botticelli Painter (1445–1510)
Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter of the early Renaissance-era. He contributed to the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel and painted the immortal The Birth of Venus.
Sandro Botticelli was born in the mid-1440s in Florence, Italy. As a boy, he apprenticed as a goldsmith and then with master painter Filippo Lippi. By his forties, Botticelli was himself a master and contributed to the decoration the Sistine Chapel. His best known work is The Birth of Venus. He died in 1510.
تيتيان (1490 – 1576)
من أشهر الرسامين الايطاليين في القرن السادس عشر. قضى فترة في تعلم الرسم تحت إدراة جيوفاني بليني، وتأثر بصديقه الفنان جيورجوني إلى أن نجح في لفت الأنظار في أوروبا، فعمل لدي باباوات روما، وصار مطلوبا لدى أباطرة أوروبا وملوكها، مثل فرانسوا الأول وفيليب الثاني وشارل الخامس وفرديناند الأول.
عرف تيتان باستخدامه للألوان الفاتحة، والإيحاء بامتزاج الألوان في لوحاته، وتأثر بأسلوبه عدد من كبار رسامي أوروبا مثل رامبرنت وبول روبنز. وتشمل أعماله تصويرات ورسومات للأساطير والمشاهد الدينية، وكذلك المشاهد الطبيعية والبورتريهات الشخصية.
في لوحاته الطبيعية، اهتم تيتان بإبراز الألوان المبهجة، وفي الرسومات الدينية برع في تكنيك التدرج اللوني للون الواحد، وتوزيع الظلال والضوء على أجزاء اللوحة وشخصياتها، أما في البورتريهات الشخصية فقد اهتم بإبراز دواخل الشخصيات بأسلوب هاديء أعطى لها لمسة إنسانية جليلة، وخلال مسيرته الفنية الطويلة، أنجز الكثير من الأعمال، التي رسّخت مكانته كأحد أبرز الرسامين في تاريخ الفن.
Titian Painter (c. 1488–1576)
Titian was a leading artist of the Italian Renaissance who painted works for Pope Paul III, King Philip II of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Born sometime between 1488 and 1490, Titian became an artist's apprentice in Venice as a teenager. He worked with Sebastiano Zuccato, Giovanni Bellini and Giorgione before branching out on his own. Titian became one of Venice's leading artists around 1518 with the completion of "Assumption of the Virgin." He was soon creating for works for leading members of royalty, including King Philip II of Spain and Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Pope Paul III also hired Titian to paint portraits of himself and his grandsons. Titian died on August 27, 1576.
Born Tiziano Vecellio in what is now Pieve di Cadore, Italy, sometime between 1488 and 1490, Titian is considered one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance. The oldest of four children born to Gregorio and Lucia Vecellio, Titian spent his early years in the town of Pieve di Cadore, near the Dolomite mountains.
In his teens, Titian became an apprentice to the Venetian artist Sebastiano Zuccato. He soon went work with such leading artists as Giovanni Bellini and Giorgione. Giorgione proved to be especially influential to the young painter.
In 1516, Titian began work on his first major commission for a church called Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice. He painted "Assumption of the Virgin" (1516-1518) for the church's high altar, a masterwork that helped establish Titian as one of the leading painters in the area. He was known for his deft use of color and for his appealing renderings of the human form.
A short time after completing the legendary altarpiece, Titian created "The Worship of Venus" (1518-1519). This mythology-inspired work was just one of several commissioned by Alfonso I d'Este, duke of Ferrara. Titian managed to cultivate a broad range of royal patrons during his career, including King Philip II of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Titian's Venetian home was a mecca for many of the community's artistic types. He had an especially close friendship with writer Pietro Aretino. Aretino is said to have helped Titian get some of his commissions. Sculptor and architect Jacopo Sansovino was another frequent visitor.
Battle between Heraclius and Chosroes
المعركة الفاصلة بين الروم والفُرس سنة 628 م
المعركة بين جيش قيصر الروم هرقل وشاه فارس كسرى الثاني. بريشة پييرو ديلَّا فرانشيسكا، حوالي سنة 1452م
لوحة فنيَّة من كنيس
