There is a need to draw a clear distinction between radicalization and extremism. Radicalization is a forerunner for extremism. It is however possible to be a radical but not an extremist. But an extremist has to be both an extremist & a radical. Here is how: a radical individual or group of people radicalized develop extreme religious, political and social sets of belief. However, violent extremism is a group of radicalized people who want to bring change by use of threats, fear and terrorism.
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If we look at this from a wider societal perspective, Radicalism can be understood as people who believe in a very different set of beliefs but do not look to change the system at the cost of “the other.” It does not seek violent extremist methods to do so. Extremism on the other hand, looks at implementing its Political agenda at the cost of all others. The system, the people having diverse opinions-using violence. All those outside the ambit of that group is seen as “subordinate” species.
We often use both terms synonymously. But clearly, they are not.
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The foundation in Pakistan for radicalization was laid down largely, [I use the word “largely”] with this one act: of including the Objectives Resolution in the Constitution 1973 of Pakistan acted as a milestone in creating legal confusions leading to a negative societal effect.
The name of the country was changed from (the) Republic of Pakistan to (the) Islamic Republic of Pakistan. With a stroke of a pen, the character of the nation underwent a dramatic change. Debates raged as to what kind of a country Pakistan needed to be. Compromises were made to fit into the new framework.
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Islam was declared as a state religion. (Article 2) The relationship between state & religious is an old debate. However, two elements in any legal document that must balance each other out are the principle of equality and freedom of religion.
Unfortunately, Islam was used politically, both by the state & political parties leading to support of different shades of religious outfits and clerical people of different sects. These legal confusions & spillover effects have had severely tested Pakistan to work as a functional modern state.
A serious effort needs to be made, to unravel these tangled threads. This by no means denies the many internal & external factors that have complicated matters but can be a different discussion for another day.
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The writer is a lawyer, academic and political analyst. She has authored a book titled ‘A Comparative Analysis of Media & Media Laws in Pakistan.’ She can be contacted at: [email protected] and tweets at @yasmeen_9
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