The former PM use to say “regime” change operation not Government change operation. Now, discussion about technocratic government has become a common and important topic due to the expected economic crisis (International institutions are alarmed that the United States of America, European Union, and People’s Republic of China may be prey to the economic crisis in this new year 2023).

All states in the world have governments within the ambit of different regimes to protect national as well as state interests. Generally, there are two forms of government: one is the Presidential form and the other is a parliamentary system. Federalism and unitary are systems of administration not forms of government.

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Regime

“A system or ordered way of doing things.”

Democratic Regime

“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people”, Abraham Lincoln says.

A Democratic system is characterized by the presence of political rights, political equality, and change in government. But certain prerequisites are essential to enforcing political rights in the state. Democracy isn’t merely a form of government, rather a socio-economic pattern of democracy is indispensable for the success of political democracy. It is the only form of government whose success is dependent on some preconditions. Democracy, in fact, expects too much from the PEOPLE. That’s why Mill once remarked, “It isn’t suitable to backward and uncivilised people”. Tolerance, provision of opportunities, economic justice, political parties, fundamental rights, sense of responsibility, allegiance with institutions, legitimacy, and supremacy of the Constitution are the conditions of practical democracy.

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Non-Democratic Regime

In a non-Democratic Regime, government constitutionally isn’t answerable to subjects. Such a Regime favours a ‘high tax ratio’.

The following are the non-Democratic Regimes:

Monarchy

“Sovereignty is vested in the monarch, an individual ruler who functions as the head of state and who achieves his or her position through heredity(dynasty)”.

In this system, generally, males rule but there are some historical examples of females rule. Multiple terms are being used for monarchs vary from state to state like King, Sultan, Shah, Emperor, Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, Badshah, etc. There are four common forms of monarchy: Constitutional Monarchy exists in the United Kingdom, Japan, and Denmark. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia, Vatican City, and Eswatini are governed under an absolute monarchy. Similarly, Federal Monarchy is ruling Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. While, Jordan, Liechtenstein, and Morocco have mixed monarchy systems.

Dictatorship

“Dictatorship is regarded as a system of government based on absolutism.”

In this regime, there’s the concentration of all political powers in the hands of one person or a few persons. Dictators capture political powers normally through extra-constitutional means where there’s acute political unrest and economic instability; people are fed up and want to get rid of political instability. The ‘ambitious’ military or civilian leaders exploit this situation and establish their rule. In this way, they [dictators] get a positive response from the people at the initial stage. In the ancient Roman Empire, there were constitutional provisions for the establishment of dictatorial rule in order to face emergency conditions.

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Authoritarianism

“The enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.”

In this regime, one party system exists. An opposition party doesn’t exist if, rarely, exists then hasn’t the right to oppose the government in its anti-welfare policies. Rule of LAW, Separation of powers, and Democratic voting are removed. Mostly, freedom of RELIGION is being suppressed in authoritarianism. North Korea and the People’s Republic of China have an authoritarian regime. In China, only one party: the communist party is ruling in the National People’s Congress, in its Standing Committee, and in the executive too. Nevertheless, article 36 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China 1982 provides freedom of religion.

Hybrid Regime

“A Hybrid Regime can also be termed as illiberal democracy, partial democracy, low-intensity democracy, empty democracy, guided democracy, or so-called democracy. It is a governing system in which although elections take place, citizens aren’t aware of the activities of those who exercise ‘real power’ because of the lack of civil liberties.”

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In this system, Dictators generally support the Civilian government. Specific institutions stand behind the rulers and democracy to dictate and guide properly. Media has freedom of speech as well as an expression but with some limits. Shortly in this regime, democracy according to the will or desire of a specific institution exists. As of 2021, the ranking of democracy in Asia, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Hong Kong, and the People’s Republic of Bangladesh come under the hybrid regime.

The aforesaid regimes are the most common and important to understand. There are also more regimes like autocracy, oligarchy, and aristocracy, which have been discussed in this article with a different name if not then such regimes have a mere little distinction from the above discussed.

Most of the regimes are derived from history and still are being operated to serve their states. Democracy is a new form of the regime and is fastly adopted by “modern nations”. Now, it’s totally up to the people of Pakistan to observe, on a logical and reasoning base, which system practically they have and which system ought to be (keeping in view the historical experiences) in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

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The write-up has been submitted by Chaudhry Ahsan Raza Jutt. He can be reached on Twitter: @AhsanRaza_Jutt

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