The Simba Rebellion took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1964 to 1965; 27 missionaries were murdered, 200 nuns and priests were murdered and raped, and 250 thousand native Congolese Africans were murdered in the wake of political instability in the Congo following its independence from Belgium vying for control over the religious lives of native Congolese people and the country's vast resources.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo experienced the impact of European colonialism and the spread of Christianity as part of that process and associated Christianity with colonialism. The historical legacy of the association between Christianity and colonialism in the Congo has left a lasting impact. It has shaped perceptions of Christianity, with some seeing it as a foreign and colonial religion. This association influenced the Simba Rebellion.

The Simba Rebellion and Patrice Lumumba's legacy were strongly shaped by his vision for a unified and independent Congo. In particular, his relationship with the Catholic Church was marked by tensions. Some Catholic leaders in the Congo were critical of Lumumba's government, and there were disputes over issues such as education and land ownership. Religious leaders, especially Catholic priests and Protestant pastors, were targeted during the Simba Rebellion because they played a significant role in Congolese society. They often held positions of moral authority and were influential figures in their communities.

Patrice Lumumba's legacy and vision for a unified and independent Congo influenced the Simba Rebellion. Lumumba's relationship with Christianity was ambivalent. While he recognized the positive aspects of Christian ethics, such as principles of justice and equality, he was critical of how some Christian institutions were complicit with colonial oppression. He saw certain missionaries and churches supporting the colonial regime and its injustices.

As a proponent of African nationalism and independence, Lumumba advocated for a secular state. He believed religion, including Christianity, should not play a dominant role in governing the newly independent Congo. He argued for the separation of church and state and the promotion of a secular government that served the interests of all Congolese, regardless of their religious beliefs.

In 1953, Helen Roseveare also known as Mama Luca, responded to a call to serve as a medical missionary in the Congo, which was then a Belgian colony. She worked in the northeastern region of the Congo, near the town of Nebobongo. During the Simba Rebellion, she documented her experiences in her autobiography titled "Give Me This Mountain." 

One of the most significant events during the Simba Rebellion was the capture of Helen Roseveare and several other missionaries by Simba rebel during the Stanleyville Hostage Crisis, also known as the Stanleyville Massacre. In November 1964, rebels attacked the mission station in Nebobongo, where Roseveare was working. She and her colleagues were taken captive by the rebels and Roseveare was rapped. After several months in captivity, Helen Roseveare and the other missionaries were eventually rescued by a group of Belgian paratroopers, the US and Katangese gendarmes in early 1965. 

Religion played a key role in the Simba Rebellion. Many Simba Rebellion leaders and rebels saw their struggle as a righteous one, fighting against foreign exploitation and oppression in religious terms and defenders of their homeland and faith. The rebels sought to tap into this cultural and national identity by emphasizing their African heritage and opposing foreign influences such as the Catholic Church.