Ringing
in the new, from off the old, has always been a ritualistic
observance celebrated with the season’s fervor and fever, passion and piety,
eagerness and earnestness all rolled in one, amongst all and sundry, across
times and climes! The New Year has had its own share of passionate proponents
and fiery opponents as well!
Literatures
from across the world have had their own takes on the New
Year festivities, albeit off their own calendars. (not necessarily the
Gregorian!)
Many
philosophers as writers, and novelists as philosophers have been
expressive of their reflections on time on time vis-à-vis these new year
festivities, through their vibrant musings and expostulations!
Me
thought of providing a few such interesting illustrations
and awesome allusions from literature!
Sample
these lovable excerpts from off Elia’s enthralling essay, ‘New
Year’s Eve’, that gives out his pensive, reflective ruminations on the passage
of time!
If
Time’s a wing’d chariot to Andrew Marvell, it’s a wheel
to Elia (Lamb)! Moreover, his outlook to Time gradually grows from the literary
towards the philosophic!
[NB: quotes, as usual, have been italicized, as always!]
Here goes Elia for y’all -
Every man hath two birth-days: two days,
at least,
in every year, which set him upon revolving the lapse of time, as it affects
his mortal duration. The one is that which in an especial manner he termeth
his. But the birth of a New Year is of an interest too wide to be pretermitted
by king or cobbler. No one ever regarded the First of January with
indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is
left.
Of all sounds of all bells—most solemn and touching is the peal
which rings out the Old Year. I never hear it without a gathering-up of my mind
to a concentration of all the images that have been diffused over the past
twelvemonth; all I have done or suffered, performed or neglected—in that
regretted time.
I saw the skirts of the departing Year.
In those days the sound of those midnight chimes, though it seemed to
raise hilarity in all around me, never failed to bring a train of pensive
imagery into my fancy. Yet I then scarce conceived what it meant, or thought of
it as a reckoning that concerned me. Not childhood alone, but the young man
till thirty, never feels practically that he is mortal.
But now, shall I confess a truth?—I feel these audits but too powerfully. I
begin to count the probabilities of my duration, and to grudge at the
expenditure of moments and shortest periods, like miser’s farthings. In
proportion as the years both lessen and shorten, I set more count upon their periods,
and would fain lay my ineffectual finger upon the spoke of the great wheel. I am not content to pass
away “like a weaver’s shuttle.”
I care not to be carried with the tide, that smoothly bears human life to
eternity; and reluct at the inevitable course of destiny. I am in love with
this green earth; the face of town and country; the unspeakable rural
solitudes, and the sweet security of streets. I would set up my tabernacle
here.
An
equally contemplative cum meditative tone to time is presented
in Eliot’s Four Quartets, that’s got
some amazing ponderings on Time! Driving a wedge between consciousness and
Time, Eliot puts forth his profound proposition here, that, ‘to be conscious is
not to be in Time!’
To
Elia, a New Year brings along with it, a ‘new state
of being’!
To
Eliot, a New Year brings along with it, a ‘new state of
language’!
Eliot, in the last of his Four Quartets, - ‘The Little Gidding’,
describes it thus -
For
last year's words belong to last year's language
And
next year's words await another voice.
Harriet Jacobs, in her profound slave narrative titled, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, documents
the fear and the apprehension that grips the slave woman on New Year’s day,
contrasting it with the happiness, mirth and revelry that the white women
enjoyed at the same point of time! The reasons are not far to seek! In fact, slave
women were usually hired on New Year’s day, 01 January, and they worked until Christmas
eve. Then, after the Christmas ‘vacation,’ auctions were held yet again, and
the slaves had to go to their new masters! Slave women who were thus auctioned
off, but were not willing to move in with their new masters, were mercilessly flogged
and whipped!
It’s
indeed a heart-wrenching scene, that Harriet
narrates, with all poignancy in chapter 3, that’s titled, The Slaves’ New Year’s Day!
If
you’ve the heart to read it, do proceed! Or back
out right here, please! Well, it’s so poignant a narrative that speaks volumes to
the anxiety and the dread that befalls a slave on her New Year’s Day!
Here goes Harriet for y’all –
DR. FLINT OWNED A fine residence in town, several farms, and about
fifty slaves, besides hiring a number by the year.
Hiring-day at the south takes place on the 1st of January. On the 2d,
the slaves are expected to go to their new masters. On a farm, they work until
the corn and cotton are laid. They then have two holidays. Some masters give
them a good dinner under the trees, This over, they work until Christmas eve.
If no heavy charges are meantime brought against them, they are given four or
five holidays, whichever the master or overseer may think proper.
Then comes New Year's eve; and they gather together their little
aIls, or more properly speaking, their little nothings, and wait anxiously for
the dawning of day. At the appointed hour
the grounds are thronged with men, women, and Children, waiting, like criminals,
to hear their doom pronounced. The slave is sure to know who is the most
humane, or cruel master, within forty miles of him.
It is easy to find out, on that day, who clothes and feeds his slaves
well; for he is surrounded by a crowd, begging, "Please, massa, hire me
this year. I will work very hard, massa."
If a slave is unwilling to go with his new master, he is whipped, or
locked up in jail, until he consents to go, and promises not to run away during
the year. Should he chance to change his mind, thinking it justifiable to
violate an extorted promise, woe unto him if he is caught!
The whip is used till the blood flows at his feet; and his stiffened limbs are
put in chains, to be dragged in the field for days and days! If he lives until
the next year, perhaps the same man will hire him again, without even giving
him an opportunity of going to the hiring-ground. After those for hire are
disposed of, those for sale are called up 0, you happy free women, contrast
your New Year's day with that of the poor bond-woman! With you it is a pleasant
season, and the light of the day is blessed. Friendly wishes meet you every
where, and gifts are showered upon you. Even hearts that have been estranged
from you soften at this season, and lips that have been silent echo back,
"1 wish you a happy New Year."
Children bring their little offerings, and raise their rosy lips for a caress.
They are your own, and no hand but that of death can take them from you.
But to the slave mother New Year's day comes laden with peculiar sorrows. She
sits on her cold cabin floor, watching the children who may all be torn from
her the next morning; and often does she wish that she and they might die
before the day dawns. She may be an ignorant creature, degraded by the system that
has brutalized her from childhood; but she has a mother's instincts, and is
capable of feeling a mother's agonies.
On one of these sale days, I saw a mother lead seven children to the
auction-block. She knew that some of them would be taken from her; but they
took all. The children were sold to a slave-trader, and their mother was bought
by a man in her own town. Before night her children were all far away. She
begged the trader to tell her where he intended to take them; this he refused to
do. How could he, when he knew he would sell them, one by one, wherever he
could command the highest price?
I met that mother in the street, and her wild, haggard face lives to-day in
my mind. She wrung her hands in anguish, and exclaimed,
"Gone! All gone! Why don't God kill
me?"
I had no words wherewith to comfort her. Instances of this kind are of daily, yea,
of hourly occurrence!
A
similar streak of thought runs through the famed
Chinese writer Lu Xun’s gripping short story, titled, ‘New Year’s Sacrifice.’ In
this story, the lead character, a widow, who goes by the name, “Hsiang Lin's
Wife” is marginalized, and has to undergo a traumatic life after husband’s
death. As she has now become ‘impure’, since her husband’s death, she is not
allowed to take part in the traditional New Year ritual sacrifices, - the sacred
rites – that are not for the likes of widows like her!
Not
giving away much, albeit a few spoilers mean no harm here,
though!
Do read the entire story for yourself,
that’s part of his short story collection!
Here goes a few excerpts, from Lu Xun for
y’all -
New Year's Eve of the old calendar seems after all more like the
real New Year's Eve; for, to say nothing of the villages and towns, even in the
air there is a feeling that New Year is coming. From the pale, lowering evening
clouds issue frequent flashes of lightning, followed by a rumbling sound of
firecrackers celebrating the departure of the Hearth God; while, nearer by, the
firecrackers explode even more violently, and before the deafening report dies
away the air is filled with a faint smell of powder. It was on such a night
that I returned to Luchen, my native place. Although I call it my native place,
I had had no home there for some time, so I had to put up temporarily with a
certain Mr. Lu, the fourth son of his family.
The next day I got up very late, and after lunch went out to see some
relatives and friends. The day after I did the same. None of them was greatly
changed, simply slightly older; but every family was busy preparing for
"the sacrifice." This is the great end-of-year ceremony in Luchen,
when people reverently welcome the God of Fortune and solicit good fortune for
the coming year. They kill chickens and geese and buy pork, scouring and
scrubbing until all the women's arms turn red in the water. Some of them still
wear twisted silver bracelets. After the meat is cooked some chopsticks are
thrust into it at random, and this is called the "offering." It is
set out at dawn when incense and candles are lit, and they reverently invite
the God of Fortune to come and partake of the offering. Only men can be
worshippers, and after the sacrifice they naturally continue to let off
firecrackers as before. This happens every year, in every family, provided they
can afford to buy the offering and firecrackers; and this year they naturally
followed the old custom.
Besides, the very thought of my meeting with Hsiang Lin's Wife the day before
made me uncomfortable. It happened in the afternoon. I had been visiting a
friend in the eastern part of the town. As I came out I met her by the river,
and seeing the way she fastened her eyes on me I knew very well she meant to
speak to me. Of all the people I had seen this time at Luchen none had changed
as much as she: her hair, which had been streaked with white five years before,
was now completely white, quite unlike someone in her forties. Her face was
fearfully thin and dark in its sallowness, and had moreover lost its former
expression of sadness, looking as if carved out of wood. Only an occasional
flicker of her eyes showed she was still a living creature. In one hand she
carried a wicker basket, in which was a broken bowl, empty; in the other she
held a bamboo pole longer than herself, split at the bottom: it was clear she
had become a beggar.
I stood still, waiting for her to come and ask for
money.
"You
have come back?" she asked me first.
"Yes."
"That is very good. You are a scholar, and have travelled
too and seen a lot. I just want to ask you something." Her lustreless eyes
suddenly gleamed.
I never guessed she would talk to me like this. I stood
there taken by surprise.
"It is this." She drew two
paces nearer,
and whispered very confidentially: "After a person dies, does he turn into
a ghost or not?"
As she fixed her eyes on me I was seized with foreboding. A shiver ran down my
spine and I felt more nervous than during an unexpected examination at school,
when unfortunately the teacher stands by one's side. Personally, I had never
given the least thought to the question of the existence of spirits. In this
emergency how should I answer her? Hesitating for a moment, I reflected:
"It is the tradition here to believe in spirits, yet she seems to be
sceptical—perhaps it would be better to say she hopes: hopes that there is
immortality and yet hopes that there is not. Why increase the sufferings of the
wretched? To give her something to look forward to, it would be better to say
there is."
"There may be, I think," I told her hesitantly.
"Then, there must also be a Hell?"
"What, Hell?" Greatly startled, I could only try to evade the question.
"Hell? According to reason there should be one too—but not necessarily.
Who cares about it anyway? . . ."
"Then will all the people of one family who have died see each
other again?"
"Well, as to whether they will see each other again or not. .
. ." I realized now that I was a complete fool; for all my hesitation and
reflection I had been unable to answer her three questions. Immediately I lost
confidence and wanted to say the exact opposite of what I had previously said.
"In this case . . . as a matter of fact, I am not sure. . . . Actually,
regarding the question of ghosts, I am not sure either."
In order to avoid further importunate questions, I walked off, and
beat a hasty retreat to my uncle's house, feeling exceedingly uncomfortable. I
thought to myself: "I am afraid my answer will prove dangerous to her.
Probably it is just that when other people are celebrating she feels lonely by
herself, but could there be another reason? Could she have had some
premonition? If there is another reason, and as a result something happens,
then, through my answer, I shall be held responsible to a certain extent."
Finally, however, I ended by laughing at myself, thinking that such a chance
meeting could have no great significance, and yet I was taking it so to heart;
no wonder certain educationalists called me a neurotic. Moreover I had
distinctly said, "I am not sure," contradicting my previous answer;
so that even if anything did happen, it would have nothing at all to do with
me.
"I am not sure" is a most useful phrase.
When the time came for the ancestral sacrifice at the winter equinox, she
worked harder than ever, and seeing my aunt take out the sacrificial utensils
and with Ah Niu carry the table into the middle of the hall, she went
confidently to fetch the winecups and chopsticks.
"Put those down, Hsiang Lin's Wife!" my aunt called
out hastily.
She withdrew her hand as if scorched, her face turned ashen-grey, and instead
of fetching the candlesticks she just stood there dazed. Only when my uncle
came to burn incense and told her to go, did she walk away. This time the change
in her was very great, for the next day not only were her eyes sunken, but even
her spirit seemed broken. Moreover she became very timid, not only afraid of
the dark and shadows, but also of the sight of anyone. Even her own master or
mistress made her look as frightened as a little mouse that has come out of its
hole in the daytime. For the rest, she would sit stupidly, like a wooden
statue. In less than half a year her hair began to turn grey, and her memory
became much worse, reaching a point when she was constantly forgetting to go
and prepare the rice.
To be contd…
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