Nursing Developments Abroad

1. Ancient Times

At this time people believe that something on Earth has a mystical power that can affect human life.This belief is commonly called animism.They believe that a person's pain is caused by natural forces or the influence of supernatural forces such as large stones, high mountains, large trees, large rivers.At this time the Nurse usually plays the role of a mother who takes care of her family when sick by providing physical care and giving medicine from plants.

2. Religious Period

In this era, temples became centers of medical care because people believed that diseases were caused by sin and The Curse of God. Religious leaders were held in high esteem as healers, nurses were considered slaves and received low esteem because their work was based on orders from religious leaders who acted as healers.

3. The Beginning Of Ad

At the beginning of ad, Christianity began to develop. At this time, Nursing experienced significant progress along with the rapid development of Christianity.The first women's organization formed at the time, called Deaconesses, visited the sick and male religious members provided care and buried the dead.On the Crusades, male and female nurses cared for the wounded.

The progress of the nursing profession at this time is also evident with the establishment of the famous Hospital in Rome called Monastic Hospital.This hospital-equipped with nursing facilities in the form of nursing wards to care for the sick and other nations as a place to care for the disabled, poor, and orphans.

As well as in Europe, in the middle of the VI century AD, nursing also developed on the Asian continent.Precisely in the Middle East along with the development of Islam.The influence of Islam on the development of Nursing can not be separated from the success of the Prophet Muhammad spread Islam to various corners of the country.At this time in the Arabian Peninsula developed rapidly sciences such as Exact Sciences, Chemistry, hygiene, and medicine.This led to nursing also developing.Basic principles of nursing such as the importance of maintaining personal hygiene (personal hygine), food hygiene, water, and the environment is developing rapidly.Famous nursing figures from the Arab world at this time Rafidah.

4. Beginning of the XVI century

The structure and orientation of society changed from a religious orientation to an orientation to power, namely war, exploration, natural wealth, and the development of knowledge. As a result, many churches and places of worship were closed, even though these places were used by religious orders to care for the sick.This condition is very influential on the development of care to meet the needs of nurses, women who have committed crimes and have repented can be accepted to work as nurses. As a result of this bad reputation, nurses received low salaries with long working hours on poor conditions (Tylor C., et al, 1989).

5. Time before World War II

Basic nursing services focused on complaints as an expression of mutual love that is inspired by religious teachings.The goal is the service of the sick.Service activities are shown to help sick people get better or healthier.Nurses who provide these services are very few or even without formal education.Above all is the “internship” or hands-on practical experience, because in those days what stood out was the “role model” or role model.The scope of care services is more curative in order to meet the basic physiological needs of sick humans.

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was a care reformer at the time and is often called the mother of care. At that time Florence Nightingale was already aware of the importance of a school to educate prospective nurses, in order to be given knowledge, skills and mental coaching so that virtuous nursing personnel are produced, knowledgeable and skilled in carrying out care. He established the basic structure as a prerequisite in nursing education:

a. Establish a nursing school

b. Determining the purpose of the nurse

c. Establish the knowledge that candidates must have as a basis for treatment

Florence Nightingale argued that:

a. Different educational preparation is needed for implementing nurses and admininistrator or supervisor nurses.

b. It should be noted that there must be a change in the nurse's working hours, which last 12 hours/day and 7 days/week.

c. It is worth noting the increase in the income of nurses every 6 months, given their burden and responsibility.

However, overall the development of nurses from the time of Florence Nightingale until the outbreak of World War II is considered very small or almost no change.Therefore, this period is often referred to as the maintenance period.

6. The period during World War II

During the war there were many events that were”stressful” for every nation in the world.The pressure of this war pushes people to make changes.Technological advances are meant to race to conquer the world.The application of modern technology in the field of service of the sick has been introduced at that time as an answer to the needs of health services due to the suffering of the sick during the war.The onset of diseases due to the war led to the need for increased knowledge and skills, tenga medical or nurse.The ability of a particular professional field cannot meet the needs of the community for health services at that time. This is also a new challenge for nurses in providing health services along with other professions.

7. Post-World War II

The consequences of World War II, which caused a lot of suffering for the world's population, have moved all parties. Developments in care are rapidly occurring in America affected by:

a. Increased public awareness in the field of Health

b. Population growth is relatively high, causing new problems in the field of Health Services

c. Economic growth, will affect the pattern of behavior

d. The development of science, especially concerning medical science, important meetings in the field of Medicine, new ways of therapy are all very important in the healing process of disease

e. Uapaya efforts become more active and creative so that not only include curative services but also preventive and promotive efforts.

f. There are new developments in education policy, so nursing schools must undergo changes as well.

The original rationale, “The Nurse must give total patient care " in the narrow sense has evolved, in the broad sense nurses are more aware of the meaning of the totaliti of individual client than before therefore there is a change from nurses working alone to work in a team.

In this decade has been waged a struggle for the recognition of nursing as a profession. Lucile Brown (1948) wrote a report on the recognition of the nurse as a profession was a great starting point for the life of the nurse and the nursing profession. She pays attention to the appreciation of nurses in relation to their responsibilities as providers of quality care services. For this reason, it is realized the need for a good management of nursing services to ensure quality and at the same time available nursing evaluation tools.

8. Since 1950

In referring to the process of professionalism, it is necessary the development of Nursing Education. Actually nursing education at the university level has existed since 1909 at the University of Minesota America.However, the recognition of nurses as a profession, only happened in 1950, this was just recognition, has not met the characteristics of the profession.

Nurse education at the level of” Bachelo " began in 1919 in 1977 there were 3830 graduates of the master in nursing and in 1972 there were 9 institutions that carry out doctoral programs in nursing. In Thailand, nursing education at The “ Bachelor” level began in 1966 and at the “Master” level began in 1986.

The nursing process that began in 1950 is considered the embryonic stage. At this time the treatment process is not yet understood and also not acceptable, but it has been done daily. It was not until 1955 that Lydia Hall gave her presentation on “treatment is a process”. In essence, the treatment involves 4 main things, namely:

a. Nursing at the patient

b. Nursing to the patient

c. Nursing for the patient

d. Nursing with the patient

The phases in the nursing process identified by Catholic University of America nursing professors in 1967 include: assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

According to the International Council of Nurses(ICN) in 1973, “the unique function of the nurse is to assist a sick or healthy person in the efforts to become healthy or to heal or to face death calmly, which is an effort that can be done by the patient himself if he is strong enough. Willful or conscious and do it in such a way that the patient in a short time can be independent”.

From this understanding revealed some of the essence of nursing, among others:

a. Nursing activity is an activity to provide assistance.

b. The existence of such assistance is essentially a function of daily life activities that normally can be done by any healthy individual.

c. The limitation or inability of the individual to carry out daily functions is due to physical weakness, lack of Will or lack of knowledge

d. Code of conduct

e. Organizations that set standards

f. Continuous self-development

g. Autonomy