Colorectal Surgery is a field in medicine, dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but the term is outdated in the more traditional areas of medicine. The word proctology is derived from the Greek words Proktos, meaning anus or hindparts, and Logos meaning science or study.

Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. Colorectal surgeons often work closely with urologists. To become colorectal surgeons, these surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency, as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery or the American Osteopathic Board of Proctology. In other countries, certification to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2-3 year subspecialty residency by the country's board of surgery.