WeWork runs a membership model that gets monetized via a set of packages which include ancillary value-added products and services to enable companies to scale or shrink their workspace on-demand. WeWork defined its revenue model space-as-a-service claimed to be more scalable than a traditional commercial real estate.

Let’s see what it all means, to make sense of it.

What macro trends made WeWork possible?

In its financial prospectus WeWork mentions a few macro-trends that helped WeWork scale:

• Urbanization
• Globalization
• Independent workforce
• Flexible solutions
• Workplace culture

Disintermediating the commercial real estate industry

WeWork Financial Prospectus

The thesis behind the WeWork business model is that if it manages to create a commercial real estate platform that connects the demand of office spaces, related services, and additional products, with the supply. That platform will capture value a fraction of the market in the form of subscription revenue.

But how big is that market?

How big is the potentially disrupted commercial real estate addressable market?

According to WeWork, the total addressable market opportunity is valued at around $1.6 trillion.

The competitor strength of the offering according to WeWork claims is the ability to deliver its members lower prices, compared to existing alternatives, and the fact that overall members joining WeWork spaces will save money as they scale.

WeWork mission and vision

In its S-1 form (which gets submitted when company are about to IPO) WeWork highlighted:

Nine years ago, we had a mission to create a world where people work to make a life, not just a living. We believed that if we created a community that helped people live life with purpose, we could have a meaningful impact on the world. From the moment we started, we had conviction that there was an entrepreneurial spirit that was underserved. We knew there were creators all around the world who were looking for a better workplace solution at a lower price.

And it continued:

We envision a future in which our global platform is a one-stop shop where members have access to all of the products and services they need to enable them to work, live and grow.

Three concepts that jump right away from the articulation of WeWork vision based on what the company tries to emphasize to public investors:

• Platform
• Members
• And community

As WeWork highlighted in its financial statements:

Our global platform provides members with flexible access to beautiful spaces, a culture of inclusivity and the energy of an inspired community, all connected by our extensive technology infrastructure.

WeWork has to leverage its platform business model to provide “beautiful spaces” to help members build communities. It’s important to highlight that the claimed WeWork platform business model is yet to be proved.

In general, a platform business model has to have a high component of network effects, leveraged by proprietary algorithms, and technologies. While WeWork does use advanced technologies in some of the services it offers, to organize the spaces around which its services are offered, it’s hard to call the company a platform.

WeWork also emphasizes itself as a community-building company that might leverage data and technology, rather than just a real estate company.

As WeWork explained further in its financial statements:

We have begun to build a suite of We Company offerings and develop a network of third-party partners to address our members’ needs.

With the support of our global footprint, our partners are presented with a unique opportunity to reach new customers and efficiently expand their businesses to new markets. While we are in the early stages of our platform journey, we are excited by the initial results and inspired by the potential.

The company highlights how the physical spaces are just a foundation to a business model that leverages on community building and a set of services for companies part of their network:

Our physical spaces are the foundation of our global platform and allow us to deliver differentiated products and services as we scale, further realizing our vision to deliver a better day at work for less.

Those are all statements that are hard to prove, as the company’s lack of profitability and viable business model makes it difficult to understand how its scalability will enable it to become a viable business model in the coming years. 

WeWork, a SPaaS model?

Where the commercial real estate model has pretty much focused on collecting rents from tenants, with a small part related to common area maintenance fees.

The space as a service (SPaaS) model introduces a set of products and services that makes space rented only the foundation of the whole model. Indeed, with space, this membership model leverages on several elements such as:

• Data
• Technology
• Ancillary services spanning from health to lifestyle

In other words, beyond the physical locations offered by the company, WeWork also offers a set of services meant to enable members to scale their teams.

Thus, WeWork presumably leverages technology to build a platform able to offer a set of services to deliver what the company claims as “a premium experience to our members at a lower price relative to traditional alternatives.”

Thus, the core of the revenue model is a membership, and on top of that a set of ancillary, value-added products and services.

Source: WeWork S-1

Once again, while it’s legitimate to come up with new revenue generation strategies, and while technology enables us to transform into services (through automation, and scale of the service delivery) it’s hard to prove that WeWork claimed Space-as-a-service platform is a platform at all.

The (Claimed) WeWork Effect

We have created a powerful ecosystem and brand that not only benefit our members and partners, but also result in landlords, neighborhoods and cities all benefiting from shared value creation, or what we call the “WeWork effect”.

That can be summarized as the value proposition for several key customers of WeWork.

The company claims:

• Diversity of creativity
• Culture of community
• Design
• Community
• And the technology that we offer

As the company highlights its “ecosystem landlords” see their assets increase in value.

How does WeWork make lose money and burn cash?

The majority of WeWork revenues come from recurring monthly membership fees, that as of June 2019 accounted for 83% of the total revenues.

An additional 12% came from additional products and services offered by the company to its members.

And a remaining 5% comes from a few additional services on top of the membership (conference rooms,, printing credits, and commissions of the sale)

As of 2018, WeWork made over $1.8 billion in revenues, yet it reported over $1.9 billion in net losses.

The net losses seem to accelerate throughout 2019. If we look at the expenses, most of them are due to location operating expenses.

As the company highlights those are “Location operating expenses are our largest category of expenses and represent the costs associated with servicing members at our locations.” 

Any company needs a set of services or costs which are necessary to make the sale. For instance, Google needs to acquire traffic before it can even sell its advertising. That is why understanding Google TAC is extremely important to have a grasp of the Google business model.

When it comes to WeWork the key expenses to make the sale, which in its case means selling its membership are the location operating expenses. 

Those comprise things like the community that includes a dedicated member responsible for filling spaces after a location reaches maturity.

It also includes the support functions directly attributable to the operation of these locations, such as costs associated with billings, collections, purchasing, accounts payable functions and member technology.

Simply put that is the cost of sales or the necessary cost to run these locations for the members. In short, without these expenses, the membership sale would not be valuable enough to be justified.

The company is also a cash flow negative.

In part, this is based on how the business model of WE works. The company has to “anticipate” cash in lease obligations to guarantee the space available to its members, which will be amortized over the years.

On the left side, you have the pre-opening locations (find, sign, build) which represent the “investments” WeWork made to scale (they don’t make money yet).

On the right side (fill, run) you have the open locations where WeWork makes money and operates primarily through its membership revenue model.

In order to improve the stability of its membership base, WeWork managed to onboard enterprise customers, which by June 2019 made up 40% of the memberships.

Is WeWork a viable business model?

It’s not for several reasons:

• Lack of a profit formula: in a period where markets value viable business models, a company which scaled quickly by burning a lot of cash might not be seen as viable.
• Limited scalability and lack of network effects: while the company has scaled thanks to massive financial resources, it’s still hard to leverage on network effects. First, because at its foundation WeWork is a real estate business. Second, because it’s a local business, thus it’s hard to benefit from network effects, as each location will have its own dynamics.
• WeWork buzz: in a time where markets privilege viable business models, a company that didn’t prove to have one yet, it won’t get listened seriously. Thus, the buzz and language used by its leaders won’t resonate, but only make things worse. In such a scenario, it’s important to understand the context around and change language accordingly. One striking thing from the WeWork S-1 form is how that seems more of a marketing plan than a financial plan.
• Cash negative business model: for how it’s structured the WeWork model has a negative cash flow, as it will advance money as contractual obligations, which amount to many billions throughout the years. This requires the company to keep up with its growth and make it too dependent on it.

Other business model analyses:

• Netflix Business Model 
• Starbucks Business Model
• LinkedIn Business Model
• Google Business Model
• Uber Business Model
• Lyft Business Model
• Robinhood Business Model
• Nike Business Model
• DuckDuckGo Business Model
• ALDI Business Model
• Apple Business Model
• TOMS Business Model
• Slack Business Model
• Fiverr Business model
• Pinterest Business Model
• Telegram Business Model
• TripAdvisor Business Model
• Booking Business Model

Other business resources: 

• What Is a Business Model? 30 Successful Types of Business Models You Need to Know
• The Complete Guide To Business Development
• Business Strategy: Definition, Examples, And Case Studies
• What Is a Business Model Canvas? Business Model Canvas Explained
• Blitzscaling Business Model Innovation Canvas In A Nutshell
• What Is a Value Proposition? Value Proposition Canvas Explained
• What Is a Lean Startup Canvas? Lean Startup Canvas Explained
• What Is Market Segmentation? the Ultimate Guide to Market Segmentation
• Marketing Strategy: Definition, Types, And Examples
• Marketing vs. Sales: How to Use Sales Processes to Grow Your Business
• How To Write A Mission Statement
• What is Growth Hacking?
• Growth Hacking Canvas: A Glance At The Tools To Generate Growth Ideas

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