·         Famous Indian Bryologist: DK Singh

·   Hepaticae: Each cell in the thallus contains many chloroplasts; the chloroplasts are without pyrenoids.

·         Anthocerotae: Each cell of the thallus possesses a single large chloroplast with a pyrenoid.

·         In Moss, primary protonema is haploid and gametophytic

·         diploid in moss plant- Spore mother cell

·         Elators and pseudoelators in the capsules of bryophyte are meant for Spore dispersal

·         sporangia of mosses? Sporocytes undergo meiosis to produce spores

·         When moss spore germinate they form  Protonema , then a leafy gametophyte

·         The sporophyte contains pseudoelators in Anthoceros

·         Funaria:  The conducting tissues do not consists Xylem and Phloem tissues in

·         class “Metzgeriidae” belongs Jungermanniopsida

·         Riccia: bryophyte, the sporophyte at maturity has reduced to the sporangia.

·       Liverworts and mosses grow on soil, on dampy soil, on rocks, and on tree trunks and also in water

·         Pteridophytes and bryophytes common characters :multicellular sex organs with sterile jacket cells

Porella-  xerophytic bryophyte

Marchantia, the liverwort is characterized by

·         Female organs are known as archegonia and are protected by the thin surrounding perichaetum

·         Antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the perigonium

·         Male gametes are produced in numerous and multiflagellate

·         The sporophyte hangs down from the underside of the archegonium.

Anthoceros

·         Bryophyte with Nostoc clony can be seen in the thallus : Anthoceros

·         Pseudo-elaters are present in Anthoceros

Funaria:

·         can produce an embryo during sexual reproduction

·         The spore dispersal mechanism of Funaria-  Peristomial teeth

Sphagnum

·         most primitive water conducting structures known as hydroids are found in  Sphagnum

·         Bryophyte is known for its capacity to hold water and as a source of peat:Sphagnum

PTERIDOLOGY

·         In the prothallus of the fern plant , The nuclei of all cells including sex organs and gametes have monoploid number

·         The protostele of Lycopodiumspecies shows variations with respect to its shape and arrangement of vascular tissue such as actinostele, plectostele, mixed protostels and plectosteles.

·         Dehiscence of sporangia takes place by a vertical splitting in Selaginella

Classification of Pteridophyte

·         Pteridophytes with endosporic gametophytes will be heterosporic

·         In megaphyllous pteridophytes emergence of leaf traces leaves gaps in the stele.

SS

·        Stelar types in Pteridophytes has leaf traces: Dictyostele

·         Telome theory of Zimmermann

·         Telome concept has been used in understanding the origin and evolution of the major groups of pteridophytes.

·         Overtopping -> Reduction -> Plantation -> Syngenesis or webbing ->Curvation.

·         series led to the evolution of megaphyllous leaves:

·         Over topping - planation – syngenesis

·         Gametes are prouced in Prothallus

·         Vascular bundle in which xylem surrounds phloem is termed as Amphivasal.

·         Antherozoids are spirally coiled and multi- flagellated- Psilotopsida

·         Spores may be homosporous or heterosporous - Lycopsida

·         Gametophytes are exosporic and green -  Sphenopsida

·         Tree fern-Cyathea

Rhynia:  Rhynia has apical sporangium ,  Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants , Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular plant.

·         Haplostele, actinostele, plectostele, medullated protostele alone are protosteles

Isoetes

·         A pteridophyte with the structures, velum and foramen.

·         Prismatic tissue - Isoetes

Selaginella

·         Heterospous pteridophyte

·         Male gametes in Selaginella are biflagellate.

Rhynia

·         Fossil pteridophyte Rhynia major belong to Psilophytales.

·         Rhynia belongs to devonian

·         is a pteridophyte without the differentiation into true leaves and roots

Salvinia

·         is a rootless Pteridophyte.

·         The archegonia are deeply sunk in the apical cushion. They have a very short neck, an egg cell, a venter canal cell and a two nucleate neck canal cell.

Equisetum

·         Pteridophyte with elators

·         Peltate disc is the characteristic feature of strobilus from the pteridophyta member

·         siphonostele having a single phloem ring external to the xylem is called as ectophloic siphonostele.

·         Vallecular canals and Carinal canals are the characteristic features of Equisetum

Marsilea

·         In the mature sporocarp of Marsilea, inner parenchymatous zone cells gelatinise and form a gelatinous ring which helps in the dehiscence of the sporocarp at maturity.

Osmunda

·         The maturity of sporangia within a sorus is varied. where, the sorus type

·         is a simple i.e., all the sporangia develop simultaneously

·         Tassel -  Osmunda

Azolla