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Irregular Verbs

An Irregular verb is described as a verb that deviates from the standard grammatical rules.

As an illustration, let’s consider the verb ‘eat,’ which is categorized as an irregular verb because its past tense is ‘ate’ and its past participle is ‘eaten,’ rather than following the regular pattern. According to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary, an irregular verb is a verb that does not conform to the typical rules of verb conjugation.

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Irregular Verbs List

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
A
arise arose arisen
awake awakened / awoke awakened / awoken
B
backslide backslid backslidden / backslid
be [am, is, are] was, were been
bear bore born / borne
beat beat beaten / beat
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet / betted bet / betted
bid (farewell) bid / bade bidden
bid (offer amount) bid bid
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted
browbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeat
build built built
burn burned / burnt burned / burnt
burst burst burst
bust busted / bust busted / bust
buy bought bought
C
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crossbreed crossbred crossbred
cut cut cut
D
daydream daydreamed / daydreamt daydreamed / daydreamt
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
disprove disproved disproved / disproven
dive (jump head-first) dove / dived dived
dive (scuba diving) dived / dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled
E
eat ate eaten
F
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit
fit (be right size) fit / fitted fit / fitted
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted
forego (also forgo) forewent foregone
foresee foresaw foreseen
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten / forgot
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
frostbite frostbit frostbitten
G
get got gotten / got
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
H
hand-feed hand-fed hand-fed
handwrite handwrote handwritten
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hew hewed hewn / hewed
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
I
inbreed inbred inbred
inlay inlaid inlaid
input input / inputted input / inputted
interbreed interbred interbred
interweave interwove / interweaved interwoven / interweaved
interwind interwound interwound
J
jerry-build jerry-built jerry-built
K
keep kept kept
kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled
knit knitted / knit knitted / knit
know knew known
L
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leaned / leant leaned / leant
leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt
learn learned / learnt learned / learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
lie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied lied
light lit / lighted lit / lighted
lip-read lip-read lip-read
lose lost lost
M
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
miscast miscast miscast
misdeal misdealt misdealt
misdo misdid misdone
mishear misheard misheard
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
mislearn mislearned / mislearnt mislearned / mislearnt
misread misread misread
misset misset misset
misspeak misspoke misspoken
misspell misspelled / misspelt misspelled / misspelt
misspend misspent misspent
mistake mistook mistaken
misteach mistaught mistaught
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
miswrite miswrote miswritten
mow mowed mowed / mown
N
No irregular verbs beginning with “N.”
O
offset offset offset
outbid outbid outbid
outbreed outbred outbred
outdo outdid outdone
outdraw outdrew outdrawn
outdrink outdrank outdrunk
outdrive outdrove outdriven
outfight outfought outfought
outfly outflew outflown
outgrow outgrew outgrown
outleap outleaped / outleapt outleaped / outleapt
outlie (not tell truth) REGULAR outlied outlied
outride outrode outridden
outrun outran outrun
outsell outsold outsold
outshine outshined / outshone outshined / outshone
outshoot outshot outshot
outsing outsang outsung
outsit outsat outsat
outsleep outslept outslept
outsmell outsmelled / outsmelt outsmelled / outsmelt
outspeak outspoke outspoken
outspeed outsped outsped
outspend outspent outspent
outswear outswore outsworn
outswim outswam outswum
outthink outthought outthought
outthrow outthrew outthrown
outwrite outwrote outwritten
overbid overbid overbid
overbreed overbred overbred
overbuild overbuilt overbuilt
overbuy overbought overbought
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overdraw overdrew overdrawn
overdrink overdrank overdrunk
overeat overate overeaten
overfeed overfed overfed
overhang overhung overhung
overhear overheard overheard
overlay overlaid overlaid
overpay overpaid overpaid
override overrode overridden
overrun overran overrun
oversee oversaw overseen
oversell oversold oversold
oversew oversewed oversewn / oversewed
overshoot overshot overshot
oversleep overslept overslept
overspeak overspoke overspoken
overspend overspent overspent
overspill overspilled / overspilt overspilled / overspilt
overtake overtook overtaken
overthink overthought overthought
overthrow overthrew overthrown
overwind overwound overwound
overwrite overwrote overwritten
P
partake partook partaken
pay paid paid
plead pleaded / pled pleaded / pled
prebuild prebuilt prebuilt
predo predid predone
premake premade premade
prepay prepaid prepaid
presell presold presold
preset preset preset
preshrink preshrank preshrunk
proofread proofread proofread
prove proved proven / proved
put put put
Q
quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen
quit quit / quitted quit / quitted
R
read read (sounds like “red”) read (sounds like “red”)
reawake reawoke reawaken
rebid rebid rebid
rebind rebound rebound
rebroadcast rebroadcast / rebroadcasted rebroadcast / rebroadcasted
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
recast recast recast
recut recut recut
redeal redealt redealt
redo redid redone
redraw redrew redrawn
refit (replace parts) refit / refitted refit / refitted
refit (retailor) refitted / refit refitted / refit
regrind reground reground
regrow regrew regrown
rehang rehung rehung
rehear reheard reheard
reknit reknitted / reknit reknitted / reknit
relay (for example tiles) relaid relaid
relay (pass along) REGULAR relayed relayed
relearn relearned / relearnt relearned / relearnt
relight relit / relighted relit / relighted
remake remade remade
repay repaid repaid
reread reread reread
rerun reran rerun
resell resold resold
resend resent resent
reset reset reset
resew resewed resewn / resewed
retake retook retaken
reteach retaught retaught
retear retore retorn
retell retold retold
rethink rethought rethought
retread retread retread
retrofit retrofitted / retrofit retrofitted / retrofit
rewake rewoke / rewaked rewaken / rewaked
rewear rewore reworn
reweave rewove / reweaved rewoven / reweaved
rewed rewed / rewedded rewed / rewedded
rewet rewet / rewetted rewet / rewetted
rewin rewon rewon
rewind rewound rewound
rewrite rewrote rewritten
rid rid rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
roughcast roughcast roughcast
run ran run
S
sand-cast sand-cast sand-cast
saw sawed sawed / sawn
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn / sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved / shaven
shear sheared sheared / shorn
shed shed shed
shine shined / shone shined / shone
shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shitted
shoot shot shot
show showed shown / showed
shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk
shut shut shut
sight-read sight-read sight-read
sing sang sung
sink sank / sunk sunk
sit sat sat
slay (kill) slew / slayed slain / slayed
slay (amuse) REGULAR slayed slayed
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt
sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snuck
sow sowed sown / sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped / speeded sped / speeded
spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt
spend spent spent
spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt
spin spun spun
spit spit / spat spit / spat
split split split
spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt
spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed
spread spread spread
spring sprang / sprung sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stunk / stank stunk
strew strewed strewn / strewed
stride strode stridden
strike (delete) struck stricken
strike (hit) struck struck / stricken
string strung strung
strive strove / strived striven / strived
sublet sublet sublet
sunburn sunburned / sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt
swear swore sworn
sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen / swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
T
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
telecast telecast telecast
tell told told
test-drive test-drove test-driven
test-fly test-flew test-flown
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden / trod
typecast typecast typecast
typeset typeset typeset
typewrite typewrote typewritten
U
unbend unbent unbent
unbind unbound unbound
unclothe unclothed / unclad unclothed / unclad
underbid underbid underbid
undercut undercut undercut
underfeed underfed underfed
undergo underwent undergone
underlie underlay underlain
undersell undersold undersold
underspend underspent underspent
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
underwrite underwrote underwritten
undo undid undone
unfreeze unfroze unfrozen
unhang unhung unhung
unhide unhid unhidden
unknit unknitted / unknit unknitted / unknit
unlearn unlearned / unlearnt unlearned / unlearnt
unsew unsewed unsewn / unsewed
unsling unslung unslung
unspin unspun unspun
unstick unstuck unstuck
unstring unstrung unstrung
unweave unwove / unweaved unwoven / unweaved
unwind unwound unwound
uphold upheld upheld
upset upset upset
W
wake woke / waked woken / waked
waylay waylaid waylaid
wear wore worn
weave wove / weaved woven / weaved
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
weep wept wept
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
whet  REGULAR whetted whetted
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written

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Difference between regular verbs and irregular verbs

Before delving into irregular Verbs, it’s essential to provide a brief explanation of regular verbs. Regular verbs adhere to the standard rules of verb conjugation when forming the simple past tense or generating the past participle form of the verb. In both instances, the root form of the verb typically receives the addition of -ed, -d, or occasionally -t to create the simple past tense or construct a past participle. For instance, both the simple past tense and past participle of “climb” become “climbed.” The past participle is utilized in verb tenses such as the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect, and it is coupled with the words “has,” “have,” “had,” and “will have.”

On the other hand, an irregular verb is characterized by having a past tense that does not conform to the typical -ed ending. So, how do we transform Irregular Verbs into the simple past tense or past participle? Well, this is where things become intricate. For instance, the simple past tense of the irregular verb “run” is “ran,” and the simple past tense of the irregular verb “take” is “took.” However, it doesn’t end there. The past participles of irregular verbs also deviate from the conventional rules. For example, the past participle of “run” remains “run,” and the past participle of “take” becomes “taken.”

Irregular verbs present one of the most challenging aspects of using verbs—and language in general. In most cases, there is no overarching rule or pattern to assist in conjugating an irregular verb. Instead, you’ll need to memorize how to conjugate each irregular verb as you encounter them—a true testament to the complexities of the English language! Fortunately, our comprehensive dictionary will aid you in identifying which verbs fall into the irregular category and provide details on the various forms associated with each one.

Irregular Verbs Examples

Base form Past tense Past participle
be was/were been
begin began begun
break broke broken
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
do did done
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
feel felt felt
find found found
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
know knew known
leave left left
lead led led
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sit sat sat
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

Download our printable PDF List of the 100 Most Common Irregular Verbs in English

Irregular Verbs that Don’t Change

Certain verbs maintain the same form when employed in both the past simple and past participle tenses. These verbs include:

  • bet
  • broadcast
  • cut
  • hit
  • hurt
  • let
  • put
  • quit
  • read
  • set
  • shut
  • spread

Most common irregular verbs in English: 

See, Go, Know, Get, Give, Find, Think, Say, Tell, Come, Run, Send, Win, Begin, Write, Steal, Speak, Swim 

Irregular Verb Rules 

Irregular verbs deviate from the standard grammatical rules for conjugating verbs in terms of tense and past participle. Instead, they have distinct forms for these grammatical aspects. In most cases, irregular verbs involve altering the internal vowel of the verb. For instance, “swim” transforms into “swam” and “swum.”

Irregular Verb Exercises

Complete the empty gaps with the correct irregular verb.

  1. My cat jumped out of the swimming pool and _____________ himself, causing water to spray everywhere. (shake, shook, shaken)
  2. You should have ______________ Tim’s face when she got her surprise. (saw, had seen, seen)
  3. We _____________ the whole day lounging on the beach. (spend, spent, had spend)
  4. Let’s _____________ a hike on Sunday. (take, took, taken)
  5. My sister Julia ______________ her stinky socks on the coffee table. (leave, left, leaving)
  6. This is the fifth time that pitcher has _____________ a foul ball (throw, threw, thrown)
  7. The water balloon _____________ when it hit its target. (burst, busted, broken)
  8. Jennifer intentionally ______________ gum in Justin’s hair. (stick, stuck, sticky)

Answers: 1 – shook, 2 – seen, 3 – spent, 4 – take, 5 – left, 6 – thrown, 7- burst, 8 – stuck

Improper Verbs

An improper verb can be used as an irregular verb. Improper verbs are verbs that deviate from the conventional conjugation patterns observed in regular verbs. Each improper verb exhibits a distinctive approach to expressing the simple past and past participle forms.

Non regular verbs

Non regular verbs deviate from standard grammatical rules. Unlike regular verbs, you cannot anticipate the past form or second form of a verb based on its initial or base form. Since they do not conform to conventional rules, you must commit these verbs to memory.

FAQ: Ir regular Verbs

Q1. What are irregular verbs? 

Irregular verb is defined as “a verb that does not follow the usual rules of grammar. As an illustration, let’s consider the verb ‘eat,’ which is categorized as an irregular verb because its past tense is ‘ate’ and its past participle is ‘eaten,’ rather than following the regular pattern. According to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary, an irregular verb is a verb that does not conform to the typical rules of verb conjugation.

Q2. What is the definition of irregular verbs? 

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the usual rules of grammar. The forms of irregular verbs can not be changed by adding ‘ed’ or ‘d’ to the end. 

Q3. What are the 4 types of irregular verbs? 

Type 1: Verbs with the same base form, past simple and past participle. 

Type 2: Verbs with the same past simple and past participle. 

Type 3: verbs with the same Base form and Past participle. 

Type 4: Verbs with different Base forms, Past simple and Past participle. 

Q4. What are examples of irregular verbs?  

Have, Say, Make, Lose, Bring, Think, Catch, Keep, Hold, Find, Teach, Buy, Tell, Put, Know, Begin, Drink, Write, Speak, Grow, Get, Go, Come, Become,  See, Go, Know, Get, Give, Tell, Come, Run, Send, Win, Steal, Speak, Swim etc. 

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The post Irregular Verbs appeared first on International English Test.



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Irregular Verbs

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