Objectives: Upon completion of course student shell able to

1. Understand the catalytic role of Enzymes, importance of enzyme inhibitors in design of new drugs, therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes.

2. Understand the metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and pathological conditions.

3. Understand the genetic organization of mammalian genome and functions of DNA in the synthesis of RNAs and proteins.

Course Content:

UNIT I 

 Biomolecules

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins.

 Bioenergetics

Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential. 

Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP

UNIT II 

 Carbohydrate metabolism

Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance

Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance

HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus

 Biological oxidation

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.

Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate phosphorylation

Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers level

UNIT III 

 Lipid metabolism

β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid) Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)

Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.

 Amino acid metabolism

General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia)  Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

UNIT IV 

 Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease Organization of mammalian genome 

Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions

DNA replication (semi conservative model)

Transcription or RNA synthesis

Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

UNIT V 

 Enzymes

Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot) 

Enzyme inhibitors with examples Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation 

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes 

Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions