Here are some sample UPSC Mains questions related to federalism:

1. Discuss the concept of federalism in the Indian context, highlighting the distribution of powers between the Union and the States as enshrined in the Constitution. How has federalism evolved in India since independence, and what are the key challenges facing federal relations today?
2. Analyze the role of federalism in fostering unity in diversity and accommodating regional aspirations in a pluralistic society like India. How does federalism contribute to the promotion of democratic governance and decentralization of power?
3. Critically assess the impact of fiscal federalism on the socio-economic development of States in India. What reforms are necessary to address fiscal imbalances and promote cooperative federalism among the Union and the States?
4. Discuss the significance of intergovernmental relations and mechanisms for cooperative federalism in India, such as the Inter-State Council and the Finance Commission. How do these institutions facilitate dialogue and coordination between different levels of government?
5. Evaluate the challenges posed by asymmetrical federalism in India, including demands for special status and autonomy by certain States. How can asymmetries be managed to ensure equity and fairness in federal relations?
6. Examine the role of federalism in addressing regional disparities and promoting inclusive growth and development. How can federal policies and programs be designed to empower marginalized communities and backward regions?
7. Discuss the impact of political decentralization and grassroots democracy on federalism in India, with reference to Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies. How do these institutions strengthen federal principles and promote citizen participation in governance?
8. Assess the role of the judiciary in resolving disputes and clarifying the contours of federalism in India. How have landmark judgments, such as those related to center-state relations and cooperative federalism, shaped the federal structure?
9. Analyze the implications of recent constitutional amendments and legislative reforms on federalism in India, including the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime and changes to the distribution of powers between the Union and the States. How have these reforms affected federal dynamics?
10. Discuss the comparative experiences of other federal countries in managing diversity, promoting regional autonomy, and balancing centralization and decentralization. What lessons can India learn from international best practices in federal governance?

These questions cover various dimensions of federalism in the Indian context, including constitutional principles, institutional mechanisms, policy challenges, and comparative perspectives, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding federal relations in India.