Who Was The First Slave King Of Delhi Sultanate ? Full Syllabus Delhi Sultanate ?
Who Was The First Slave King Of Delhi Sultanate? [Delhi Sultanate was the period of the emperors who ruled in Delhi and extended their territory to different parts of India and out of India.
This period was started in (1206-1526 AD.)]
Muhammad Ghori was the ruler of ghor kingdom, He fought battle with Prithiviraj Chauhan in 1191 and Prithviraj Chauhan won also known as 1st battle of tarain, After in 2nd battle of tarain ghori won.
Establishment Of The Delhi Sultanate
The Slave Dynasty Or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
After the Turkish invasions, the Delhi Sultanate was established in India, under which different rulers took charge. The name of Qutubuddin Aibak comes first in this kam, who kept 'Mamluk's kingdom new. Initially it was also called 'Das dynasty'. But many historians objected to the name of the Yas dynasty. The underlying reason for this was because of the precise determination of the words 'das' and 'mamluk'. Actually, there was a difference in definition between 'mamluk' and 'das'. The word 'das' was supposed to mean 'born slave' while the word 'mamluk' meant 'children to free parents'. Ultimately, the 'Mamluk dynasty' proposed by Habibullah became the most valid.
Some historians refer to this dynasty as the 'Ilbari dynasty'. But the point to be noted here is that not all the rulers belonged to the Ilchari dynasty. For example, Qutbuddin Aibak Ilchari was not a Turk. Therefore, it would also be unfair to call this lineage the Itvaron dynasty. In fact, the rulers who ruled India from 1206 to 1290 AD are commonly known by the name 'Mamluk'. Their details are given below
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
After the death of Muhammad Ghori, the entire area of North India conquered by Muhammad Ghori except Sindh and Multan (Sialkot, Lahore, Ajmer, Jhansi, Delhi, Meerut, Kol (Aligarh), Kannauj, Banaras, Bihar and areas of Lakhnauti etc.) was received.
Qutubuddin Aibak faced the challenges of succession war with his efficient matrimonial policy. He married the daughter of Tajuddin Yaldoz, another trusted officer of Muhammad Ghori. He married his sister to Nasiruddin Kuwacha, who was an effective officer of Sindh. He married his daughter to Turkish slave officer Iltutmish.
Qutbuddin Aibak took the rule in his hands after the death of Ghori but he neither got coins issued in his name nor got Khutwa read.
Qutbuddin Aibak started his rule with the titles of 'Malik' and 'Sipahsalar' and did not assume the title of 'Sultan'.
Qutbuddin Aibak ruled from Lahore and Lahore was his capital.
He died due to a sudden fall from a horse while playing Chaugan (Polo) in Lahore in 1210 AD. After that Aramshah sat on the throne for about a year.
Some Important Points Related To This Topic:
Qutubuddin Aibak was a capable general, infallible archer, courageous and talented person. Rising from the status of a slave to the position of Sultan was an introduction to his ability and talent.
Qutubuddin was a liberal ruler. So because of his generosity. He was called 'Lakhbakhsh' (the giver of lakhs).
Along with military aptitude, he was also a lover of literature and art. He built two mosques 'Quwwat-ul-Islam' (Mehrauli, Delhi) and 'Adhai Din Ka Jhopra' (Ajmer). He laid the foundation of Qutub Minar in Delhi in memory of famous Sufi saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, which was later completed by Iltutmish.
Aivak paid more attention to the consolidation of the state than the expansion of the empire. His policy towards Yaldoz and Kubacha is proof of political skill.
Aaram Shah (1210)
After the death of Qutubuddin Aibak, to stop the discontent in the military class, unrest and disturbance among the general public, the chieftains of Lahore installed Qutubuddin Aibak's son Aramshah on the throne. (Though there is controversy regarding Aramshah being the son of Aibak.)
Unfortunately Aramshah proved to be a weak and incompetent ruler. So the people of Delhi refused to accept him as their ruler.
For the purpose of removing Aramshah from power, an invitation letter was sent to Iltutmish, the provincial president of Badaun.
Iltutmish accepted the invitation and defeated Aramshah at a place called Jud near Delhi.
Iltutmish (Real Founder Of Delhi Sultanate) 1210-1236
Iltutmish was an Ilbari Turk. At the time of the death of Qutbuddin Aibak, he was the governor of Badaun.
Iltutmish made Delhi the capital instead of Lahore. It is called 'slave of slave'.
Iltutmish is considered the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate because Aibak and Aramshah ruled from Lahore.
Razia Sultana (1236-1240)
However, he was succeeded by his son Ruknuddin Firoze. His incompetence and unpopularity gave his sister Razia an opportunity to claim the throne. She even abandoned the veil. This enraged the Turkish nobles.Russia renounces the veil like men like Kava Kuva (coat) and
Wearing a koolah (cap) began to appear before the public. He changed the Iqtas/Aktas and made appointments according to his own accord. He appointed Jalaluddin Yakrit, an Abyssinian slave, as Amir-i-Akhur (head of the horse house).
Angry with these appointments, one of his nobles Altunia whom Razia had appointed as Iqtadar of Tabarhid (Bhatinda). He revolted in which the rich class supported him. However, Razia later marries Altunia to join him. When Rakhiya came out of the capital to suppress the revolt of the nobles, Jalaluddin Yakut was killed by the Turk nobles and Muinuddin Bahram Shah was placed on the throne in the capital.
It is believed that when Razia was returning to the capital with Altunia, she was murdered (1240 AD) by some conspirators on the way.
Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266)
Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud was pious and virtuous, but he was a nominal ruler. He entrusted the task of governance to Naib-i-Mumliqat Balwan and himself did not do any work without the permission of the Turkish authorities.After the death of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1265 AD (according to Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi), Balwan became the Sultan of Delhi Sultanate. Some historians are of the opinion that Balvan himself poisoned the Sultan and killed him and became the Sultan.Balvan was also a member of Tukan-i-Chalgani. Due to merit, his political stature increased significantly during the reign of Nasiruddin Mahmud. With the rank of Nayav, the Sultan conferred the title of 'Ulug Khan' to Balban.
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287)
Ghiyasuddin Balban was an Ilbari Turk. As a child, the Mongols had captured him and sold him as a slave.He participated in the conspiracy to overthrow Razia. He played an important role in the accession of Nasiruddin Mahmud to the throne. He had become very influential during this period. After the death of Nasiruddin, Balwan became the Sultan of Delhi.Balban progressed due to his ability and foresight and was the first to become a member of Iltutmish's 'Chalisa Dal' for a particular post.
Balban first severely suppressed the rebel Mewatis by sending trained army against them.
In 1279 AD, Tugril Khan Beg raised a rebellion in Bengal and issued coins in his name. Balban sent armies twice in a row to suppress him, which failed. After this failure, it took Balban two years to campaign against Tugril, as Tugril was avoiding fighting. Tugril was in the hope that Balban would return to Delhi exhausted but on the information of some markets, Balban's army captured Tugril and killed him.
Death Of Balban (1286)
Balban died in 1286 AD. It is believed that the death of Prince Muhammad (Balban's son) had a profound effect on Balban's health.
According to Barani, “The Maliks, grieved by the death of Balban, tore their clothes and, while carrying the Sultan's body barefoot to the cemetery, threw dust on their heads and fasted for 40 days. ,
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
After the death of Muhammad Ghori, the entire area of North India conquered by Muhammad Ghori except Sindh and Multan (Sialkot, Lahore, Ajmer, Jhansi, Delhi, Meerut, Kol (Aligarh), Kannauj, Banaras, Bihar and areas of Lakhnauti etc.) was received.
Qutubuddin Aibak faced the challenges of succession war with his efficient matrimonial policy. He married the daughter of Tajuddin Yaldoz, another trusted officer of Muhammad Ghori. He married his sister to Nasiruddin Kuwacha, who was an effective officer of Sindh. He married his daughter to Turkish slave officer Iltutmish.
Qutbuddin Aibak took the rule in his hands after the death of Ghori but he neither got coins issued in his name nor got Khutwa read.
Qutbuddin Aibak started his rule with the titles of 'Malik' and 'Sipahsalar' and did not assume the title of 'Sultan'.
Qutbuddin Aibak ruled from Lahore and Lahore was his capital.
He died due to a sudden fall from a horse while playing Chaugan (Polo) in Lahore in 1210 AD. After that Aramshah sat on the throne for about a year.
Some Important Points Related To This Topic:
Qutubuddin Aibak was a capable general, infallible archer, courageous and talented person. Rising from the status of a slave to the position of Sultan was an introduction to his ability and talent.
Qutubuddin was a liberal ruler. So because of his generosity. He was called 'Lakhbakhsh' (the giver of lakhs).
Along with military aptitude, he was also a lover of literature and art. He built two mosques 'Quwwat-ul-Islam' (Mehrauli, Delhi) and 'Adhai Din Ka Jhopra' (Ajmer). He laid the foundation of Qutub Minar in Delhi in memory of famous Sufi saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, which was later completed by Iltutmish.
Aivak paid more attention to the consolidation of the state than the expansion of the empire. His policy towards Yaldoz and Kubacha is proof of political skill.
Aaram Shah (1210)
After the death of Qutubuddin Aibak, to stop the discontent in the military class, unrest and disturbance among the general public, the chieftains of Lahore installed Qutubuddin Aibak's son Aramshah on the throne. (Though there is controversy regarding Aramshah being the son of Aibak.)
Unfortunately Aramshah proved to be a weak and incompetent ruler. So the people of Delhi refused to accept him as their ruler.
For the purpose of removing Aramshah from power, an invitation letter was sent to Iltutmish, the provincial president of Badaun.
Iltutmish accepted the invitation and defeated Aramshah at a place called Jud near Delhi.
Iltutmish (Real Founder Of Delhi Sultanate) 1210-1236
Iltutmish was an Ilbari Turk. At the time of the death of Qutbuddin Aibak, he was the governor of Badaun.
Iltutmish made Delhi the capital instead of Lahore. It is called 'slave of slave'.
Iltutmish is considered the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate because Aibak and Aramshah ruled from Lahore.
Razia Sultana (1236-1240)
However, he was succeeded by his son Ruknuddin Firoze. His incompetence and unpopularity gave his sister Razia an opportunity to claim the throne.
She even abandoned the veil. This enraged the Turkish nobles.
Russia renounces the veil like men like Kava Kuva (coat) and
Wearing a koolah (cap) began to appear before the public. He changed the Iqtas/Aktas and made appointments according to his own accord. He appointed Jalaluddin Yakrit, an Abyssinian slave, as Amir-i-Akhur (head of the horse house).
Angry with these appointments, one of his nobles Altunia whom Razia had appointed as Iqtadar of Tabarhid (Bhatinda). He revolted in which the rich class supported him. However, Razia later marries Altunia to join him. When Rakhiya came out of the capital to suppress the revolt of the nobles, Jalaluddin Yakut was killed by the Turk nobles and Muinuddin Bahram Shah was placed on the throne in the capital.
It is believed that when Razia was returning to the capital with Altunia, she was murdered (1240 AD) by some conspirators on the way.
Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266)
Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud was pious and virtuous, but he was a nominal ruler. He entrusted the task of governance to Naib-i-Mumliqat Balwan and himself did not do any work without the permission of the Turkish authorities.
After the death of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1265 AD (according to Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi), Balwan became the Sultan of Delhi Sultanate. Some historians are of the opinion that Balvan himself poisoned the Sultan and killed him and became the Sultan.
Balvan was also a member of Tukan-i-Chalgani. Due to merit, his political stature increased significantly during the reign of Nasiruddin Mahmud. With the rank of Nayav, the Sultan conferred the title of 'Ulug Khan' to Balban.
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287)
Ghiyasuddin Balban was an Ilbari Turk. As a child, the Mongols had captured him and sold him as a slave.
He participated in the conspiracy to overthrow Razia. He played an important role in the accession of Nasiruddin Mahmud to the throne. He had become very influential during this period. After the death of Nasiruddin, Balwan became the Sultan of Delhi.Balban progressed due to his ability and foresight and was the first to become a member of Iltutmish's 'Chalisa Dal' for a particular post.
Balban first severely suppressed the rebel Mewatis by sending trained army against them.
In 1279 AD, Tugril Khan Beg raised a rebellion in Bengal and issued coins in his name. Balban sent armies twice in a row to suppress him, which failed. After this failure, it took Balban two years to campaign against Tugril, as Tugril was avoiding fighting. Tugril was in the hope that Balban would return to Delhi exhausted but on the information of some markets, Balban's army captured Tugril and killed him.
Death Of Balban (1286)
Balban died in 1286 AD. It is believed that the death of Prince Muhammad (Balban's son) had a profound effect on Balban's health.
According to Barani, “The Maliks, grieved by the death of Balban, tore their clothes and, while carrying the Sultan's body barefoot to the cemetery, threw dust on their heads and fasted for 40 days. ,
The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
About Khilji Dynasty:
The establishment of the Khilji dynasty marks an important period in medieval Indian history. In fact, this dynasty was founded by Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji in 1290 AD. Under this dynasty, a total of five rulers, namely- Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji, Alauddin Khilji, Shihabuddin Umar, Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah Khilji and Nasiruddin Khusroshah ruled for 30 years. The main feature of this period was that fundamental changes took place in the then Indian social, economic and political structure. This is the reason why the Khilji dynasty is seen as a revolution.
• The general meaning of the Khilji revolution is the end of the caste and race based governance system, because now the lower Turk Khiljis took power in place of the higher considered Ittuks.
• It also has some indirect meanings
Jalaluddin Khilji (1290-1296)
The founder of the Khilji dynasty was Firoz Khilji, who assumed the title of Jalaluddin after establishing power in India. The founders of the Khilji dynasty were Turks, although historians differ on this point.
Jalaluddin Khilji had gained fame as a good general during the tenure of Balban. He fought the Mongol invaders on many occasions and got success.
The political rise of Jalaluddin began in the time of Kaiqubad (1286 - 1290). At the time of Kaiqubad, he was appointed as the Subedar of 'Samana' and Sar-i-Jahandar (royal bodyguard).
In 1290 AD, in the palace of Kilkhari built by Kaiqubad, Jalaluddin got his coronation done and became the Sultan of Delhi. It made Kilokhari its capital. Jalaluddin was 70 years old at the time of his coronation.
Leaving Balban's policy of 'blood and iron', he adopted a liberal policy and became the first ruler of the medieval period, who made the will of the people the basis of governance. In fact, Jalaluddin adopted the 'policy of non-intervention'.
In the time of Jalaluddin in 1292 AD, under the leadership of Abdullah, the Mongols attacked. At the same time another Mongol invasion took place under the leadership of Hulaku's Pitra Ulugh Khan.
During the time of Jalaluddin, about 4 thousand Mongols accepted Islam and settled in Mughalpur Mangolpuri near Delhi, which were called 'New Muslims'.
Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)
Alauddin Khilji was the nephew of Jalaluddin Khilji. After the death of Alauddin's father, Jalaluddin raised him and later made him his son-in-law. When Jalaluddin Khilji became Sultan, he gave the jagir of Kada-Manikpur in Allahabad district to Alauddin. It is believed that Alauddin was ambitious from the beginning and as soon as he got a chance to seize the throne, he declared himself Sultan (July 1296) by killing his uncle Jalaluddin Khilji (in Kada Manikpur). Alauddin assumed the title of 'Sikandar-i-Sani' or 'Alexander II Sani'.
The state of Gujarat was prosperous due to fertile land and trade. At the time of Alauddin, the ruler here was Raikarna. Alauddin sent army from two directions to attack this kingdom. Ulugh Khan was sent on behalf of the Sangh and Nusrat Khan was sent through Rajputana route.
After the conquest of Gujarat, the Sultan's army plundered many cities including Surat and the Somnath temple. At the time of the attack on the port of Khambhat of this state, a Hindu eunuch (Hijra) Malik Kafur was bought by Nusrat Khan who later became the chief general of Alauddin's southern campaigns.
The ruler of Gujarat, Raikarna could not face this attack and he fled towards the south. Raikarna took refuge in the place of Ramachandra Deva, the ruler of Devagiri.
horse-staining
The Sultan first started the practice of shooting horses. This is because soldiers used to bring inferior horses in place of good horses, which could not work in the time of war. To remove this defect, he practiced this practice.
Apart from this, the intelligence system was further strengthened and postal posts were built. It was because of his military reforms that he was successful in military campaigns.
Death Of Alauddin Khilji
After the death of Alauddin (1316 AD), incompetent rulers like Shihabuddin Umar, Qutbuddin Mubarakshah Khilji and Nasiruddin Khusro Shah respectively sat on power.
Qutbuddin Mubarakshah Khilji (1316-1320) was the first sultan ruler to declare himself as a caliph. The reconquest of Devagiri in 1317 AD was his great achievement. In later days, he became of a luxurious nature and started wearing women's clothes in the court also. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq killed the last Sultan of Khilji dynasty, Nasiruddin Khusro Shah, declared himself Sultan and laid the foundation of Tughlaq dynasty. Khusro Shah became the ruler after killing Mubarak Shah Khilji. He called himself the 'Commander of the Prophet'.
The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
In 1320 AD, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq killed Nasiruddin Khusro Shah, the last ruler of the Khilji dynasty, and established a new dynasty - the Tughlaq dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate. This dynasty ruled the power of Delhi till 1414 AD.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq or Ghazi Malik was the founder of the 'Tughlaq dynasty'. This dynasty was also famous by the name of 'Karana Turk', because the father of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was Karana Turk.
Ghazi Malik was born in a simple family. His mother was a Jat woman from Punjab and father was a Turkish slave of Balban. Ghazi Malik was appointed the chairman of the military campaigns during the reign of Alauddin Khilji and the governor of Dipalpur due to his ability and hard work.
Death Of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah (1325)
After the death of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, his son Jeena Khan assumed the title of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq and became the Sultan in 1325 AD. It is believed that he mourned the death of his father by staying in Tughlaqabad for 40 days. After 40 days he left for Delhi for his coronation.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351)
From the book 'Tarikh-i-Firozshahi' written by Ziauddin Barani during the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and the travelogues of the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, we get information about the interesting facts of the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Prince Jauna Khan was the eldest son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. He was raised like a soldier.
He was appointed 'chief officer of the royal horse' by Khusro Shah, but Jauna Khan started a movement against his patron Khusro Shah and he assisted his father in overthrowing Khusro Shah.
In 1320 AD, after father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq became the emperor, Prince Jauna Khan was appointed as the successor and was given the title of 'Ulug Khan'.
Jauna Khan led two expeditions to Warangal in 1321 and 1322-23 AD. Although he was successful in the second campaign after failing in his first campaign.
Tax increase in Doab (1325 AD)
• Shortly after his accession to the throne, the Sultan increased taxes in the doab. According to Barani, the Sultan increased the tax in the Doa region by 10 times, while the Badayuni had talked of a 10 to 20-fold increase in tax.
Different views on tax hike
• Barani wrote that "the treasury of the Sultan had become empty. To meet which the tax was increased."
• According to Gardner Brown, "The Doab was the richest and most prosperous part of the empire. Therefore, more tax could be collected from this part than the ordinary rate."
• According to Badayuni and Sir Hague, "the tax was imposed to punish and control the rebellious subjects of the Doab."
due to the failure of the plan
• During the time when the tax was increased, due to the famine, the public did not have the ability to pay taxes.
• The people of the Doab were not ready to pay the increased tax.
• The collection of tax was done so harshly that the public got angry and there was a lot of discontent against the Sultan.
capital change
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq wanted to make Devagiri the capital, about 700 miles away from Delhi, and changed the name of Devagiri to Daulatabad. (It is noteworthy that Qutubuddin Mubarak Khilji changed the name of Devagiri to Qutbabad.)
Death Of Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1351)
In 1351 AD, the Sultan fell ill on his way to Thatta (Sindh) to suppress a rebellion. The Sultan finally died in March 1351 AD.
Commenting on the death of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Badayuni wrote that "the Sultan got freedom from his subjects and the subjects from the Sultan."
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)
After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, his brother Firoz Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1351. Firoz's mother was the daughter of a Rajput chieftain. According to Barani, Muhammad bin Tughlaq had appointed Firoz as his successor.
After the death of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq near Thatta, away from the capital, the Amoro Maliks, Ulamas etc. declared Firoz as Sultan by one vote. Firoz Tughlaq was coronated twice. First on 22 March 1351 in Chatta Singh, then in August 1351 AD in Delhi, Revenue and rural agriculture system of Rojshah Tughlaq
Firoz Shah Tughlaq made reforms in the revenue and rural system to fill the vacant treasury, promote trade and commerce and to remove the economic difficulties of the people.
Firoz waived off the loans taken by the farmers from the former Sultan at the time of famine. Increase in salaries of officers. In order to lighten the tax burden of the peasants, he abolished the practice of offerings by the Subedars.
Death Of Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Firoz Shah Tughlaq gained the trust of Muslims by adopting the policy of mercy and forgiveness, but the foundation of the Sultanate was Due to the failure of the ambitious plans of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the revenue decreased.
The Sultan accepted the apathy of the rich and the public as the reason for the failure of his plans and gave them harsh punishments, due to which the rich and the public revolted against the Sultan. There were rebellions during his reign, which started the process of disintegration of the empire.
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
The founder of the Sayyid dynasty was Khizr Khan. There were a total of four rulers during the reign of the Sayyids for 37 years.
Khizr Khan (1414-1421)
Khizr Khan was not only the founder of the Sayyid dynasty, but also the most glorious ruler of the Sayyid dynasty.
In 'Tarikh-e-Mubarakshahi', Khizr Khan has been described as a Sayyid. Sayyid means the descendants of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allahu Alaihi Wasallam). However, there is a difference of opinion among historians about this. Khizr Khan was the son of Malik Suleman, the governor of Multan. After the death of Malik Suleman, Khizr Khan was appointed the governor of Multan. Firoz Tughlaq had given the jagir of Multan to Khizr Khan. But when chaos broke out after the death of Firoz Tughlaq, Sarang Khan, brother of Mallu Iqbal, surrounded Khizr Khan and took him captive. Khizr Khan soon escaped from his clutches. Khizr Khan assisted him during Timur's invasion of India in 1398 AD. As a result, Timur returned to India.
When Khizr Khan became the Sultan in 1414 AD, many powers were fighting for power in the capital.
Jaunpur, Malwa and Gujarat had been freed from the suzerainty of Delhi and they were fighting amongst themselves, The chieftains of Doab, Etawah, Katehar, Kannauj and Badaun were challenging the power of the central government.
Mubarak Shah (1421-1434)
After Khizr Khan, his son Mubarak Shah assumed the title of Multan and became the ruler. Mubarak Shah was a capable army chief, he suppressed many rebellions.
Mubarak Shah got 'Khutwa' read and coins in his name issued. Simultaneously, the names of the descendants of Timur from Khutbe and the rulers of the Tughlaq dynasty were removed from the coins. He got his name 'Muiz-ud-din Mubarak Shah' inscribed on the coins.
Mubarakabad was founded by Mubarak Shah on the banks of river Yamuna. Mubarak Shah patronized Yahiya bin Ahmed Sirhindi, the author of 'Tarikh-e-Mubarakshahi'. In February 1434, Mubarak Shah was assassinated.
Muhammad Shah (1434-1445)
Mubarak Shah had no son. The nobles and chieftains under the leadership of Sarwar-ul-Mulk installed Muhammad Shah, the son of his brother Farid Khan, on the throne.
Instead of punishing Sarwar-ul-Mulk, who played a major role in the assassination of Mubarak Shah, the Sultan gave him the rank of Wazir. During the time of Muhammad Shah, the real power was with Sarwar-ul-Mulk.
Sarwar-ul-Mulk's attempt to destroy his opponents caused the wealthy class to turn against him. As a result, the atmosphere of anarchy started spreading in the Sultanate.
Seeing the growing ambition of Sarwar-ul-Mulk, the Sultan got him killed with the help of the nobles. But still the rebel forces were creating chaos in Delhi.
The Delhi Sultanate was attacked by Mahmud Khilji, the ruler of Malwa, but due to the military assistance of Bahlol Lodi, the Afghan governor of Sirhind (Punjab) at the appropriate time, the Delhi Sultanate escaped the attack of Mahmud Khilji.
Sultan Muhammad Shah respected Bahlol Lodi and called him his 'son' and bestowed him with the title 'Khan-i-Khana'. Muhammad Shah died in 1445 AD, Muhammad Shah proved to be a failed sedative. The decline of the Sayyid dynasty started from his time.
Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1451)
After the death of his father Muhammad Shah in 1445 AD, his son, Alauddin, assumed the title of 'Alamshah' and ascended the throne. He was the last ruler of this dynasty.
In 1447 AD Alam Shah went to Budaun. He liked this city so much that he chose to live there instead of Delhi, Alamshah was an incompetent ruler. During his time the area of Delhi Sultanate had become very limited.
After the departure of Alamshah from Delhi, conflict broke out among those who were running the rule. Eventually Bahlol Lodi was invited to take over Delhi.
It is believed that Alauddin Alamshah had no objection to Bahlol's arrival in Delhi and his ascension. In April 1451, Bahlol Lodi ascended the throne. In this way Bahlol Lodi laid the foundation of the first Afghan dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate. Alam Shah lived in Badaun till his death in 1476 AD.
The Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)
The dynasties that ruled the throne of Delhi in the Sultanate era, The last was the Lodi dynasty. The foundation of the first Afghan dynasty (Lodi dynasty) was laid by Bahlol Lodi in the Delhi Sultanate. There were three rulers of the Lodi dynasty
Bahlol Lodi (1451-1489)
Bahlol Lodi became the ruler of Delhi in the circumstances of anarchy and rebellion. But he was visionary, intelligent and diplomatic. Bahlol Lodi was the Suvedar of Sirhind before becoming the Sultan. After becoming the Sultan, he first tried to reduce the traditions of conspiracies going on in his system by treating the Afghan comrades with fraternity.
Bahlol Lodi belonged to the Shahukhel, an important tribe of the Lodis and promoted the rule of tribal Afghans instead of Turkish rule.
Bahlol conducted successful military campaigns against Darya Khan in Sambhal, Isa Khan in Kol (Aligarh), Mubarak Khan in Saket, Raja Pratap Singh of Mainpuri and Bhogaon.
Bahlol Lodi's biggest success was by defeating Hussain Shah, the Shak ruler of Jaunpur, and re-submitting the Jaunpur state to his empire, who had been opposing his power for many years. Bahlol Lodi appointed his son Charbak Lodi as the ruler of Jaunpur.
After the Kanpur conquest, Bahlol's fame increased, along with accepting the subjugation caused by fear among the chieftains of Dholpur, Kalpi, Bari also gave his mind.
Bahlol Lodi silver coin named Bahloli became the main means of exchange in northern India till the time of Akbar.
According to Abdullah, the author of Tarikh-i-Dawdi- "Never sat on the throne on the occasion of social gatherings and only he allowed his chieftains to stand. Even in the common court, he did not sit on the throne and sat in a street.
In 1486-87 AD, he defeated the ruler of Gwalior, Rap Karma (poet) and received 80 lakh tanka tribute, the campaign was his last campaign. On his way back from Gwalior he became ill and died on his way to Delhi in July 1489.
Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517)
After the death of Balol Lodi, his son Nisultan ascended the throne by taking the title of Darshah. Sikandar had some hesitation in accepting Khadi as his sultan because his mother was a Hindu, but Sikandar wished for adversity with his cleverness, intelligence and courage. He suppressed his rebels and adopted a policy of intolerance towards the Hindu people and established himself as a religious fanatic Afghan Muslim.
At the time of his accession to the throne, the power of Sikandar Lodi was very strong because a large number of Sardars and Jagirdars were organizing power in their respective areas.
After the conquest of Jaunpur at the time of Lodi, Barbak Shah Bahlol son of was appointed there by Sikandar Lodi.
Even after becoming the ruler, the rule of his brother Warambak Shah continued in Jaunpur and adopted the policy of liberality. Barbak Shah was an incompetent general and a luxurious man. When the supporters of the erstwhile displaced Sharqi ruler Hussain Shah revolted at Jeenpur, Warbak Shah failed to quell him. But after not getting success, in 1492 AD, Sikandar Lodon overthrew Barbak Shah and got Jaunpur in Delhi Sultanate.
Sikandar renounced the Afghan kingship principle adopted by Bahlol and declared himself Sultan. the power of the Afghan chieftains and increased the prestige of the Sultan by controlling the influence. He also considered the Afghan chiefs as his subordinates.
Sikandar Lodi said that "If I make my slave also sit on the palanquin, then on one of my orders, these chieftains will lift him on his shoulders."
In 1494 AD, Sikandar defeated Hussain Shah in a battle near Banaras. In this campaign, he conquered the area from Bengal to Bihar. Sikandar attacked Tirhut and subdued the king there.
Sikandar Lodi founded a new city called Agra and made Agra his capital in 1504 AD (in some sources 1506 AD) to keep control of the doab and thwart attempts by the Rajputs to advance towards Delhi. .
He made efforts for the development of agriculture and trade. For the measurement of land, he developed a scale of 39 fingers, which was called 'Gaj-e-Sikandari'. The prices of all essential commodities were reduced.
Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526)
After the death of Sikandar Lodi, his eldest son, Ibrahim Lodi, He ascended the throne in 1517 AD. In this he got the uncontested approval of all the Afghan chieftains.
There were some Afghan chieftains who wanted the division of the state due to their selfish interests. They took Jalal Khan, the younger brother of Ibrahim, to Jaunpur and placed him on the throne there.
In the struggle for succession, Jalal Khan was poisoned and killed in the prison. Ibrahim did not find this division justified and declared himself the sole Sultan.
"Ibrahim's Gwalior Campaign"
To strengthen the position of Ibrahim Sultanate, a plan was made to conquer Gwalior.
In 1518 AD, he invaded and conquered Gwalior and annexed it to his kingdom.
"Mewar campaign"
Encouraged by the Gwalior victory, Ibrahim Lodi attacked Mewar.
In 1517–18 he faced Rana Sanga, the ruler of Mewar, in the Battle of Khatoli, in which Ibrahim was defeate, To avenge the defeat, Ibrahim again attacked after a year and was again defeated by the Rajputs near Dholpur.
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