MICROCONTROLLER FINGER PRINT SCANNER CONNECTING USER AND DOCTOR

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MICROCONTROLLER FINGER PRINT SCANNER CONNECTING USER AND DOCTOR

Chapter One: Background to the Study.
In this chapter, we will explore how the heart functions and define several key concepts to assist us describe the heart rate scanner gadget. Some key words that will be defined are microcontroller, heart rate, and fingerprint reader or scanner.

1.1 Introduction
The heart is an important organ of the human body because it serves as a mechanism for pumping blood to every nook and cranny of the body. The heart beats up to 100,000 times every day.

The dividing line between the two sides of the heart is known as the septum. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, while the left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body.

The heart has four sides, or chambers, as well as four valves that link to distinct blood veins. Blood vessels and veins return blood from the body to the heart, whereas arteries move blood throughout the body.(Gary H. Gibbons. 2013).

The heart functions similarly to a microprocessor in a computer; different blood platelets, which are micro small organisms that are formed and destroyed every minute in the body, are circulated throughout the body via the arteries and veins within a specific time frame.

It is crucial to understand how the heart beats; the atria and ventricles work together to pump blood by contracting and relaxing alternately. The heart’s electrical system is what allows this to happen. Electrical impulses move down a unique pathway through the heart, triggering the heartbeat.

These electrical impulses originate in little specialised cells termed the sinoatrial node, which is located in the right atrium. The sinoatrial node is recognised as the heart’s natural pacemaker. Electrical activity travels through the walls of the atria, causing them to constrict.

The atrioventricular node, a collection of cells located in the heart’s centre between the atria and ventricles, functions as a gate, slowing the electrical signal before it enters the ventricles.

This delay gives the atria adequate time to contract before the ventricles do. The His-Purkinje network is a fibre channel that transmits impulses to the ventricle’s muscular walls, causing them to contract.

With the understanding of how the heart beats, it has been discovered that when the body is at rest, a typical heart beats 50 – 99 times per minute. When exercising, experiencing emotions, having a fever, or taking drugs, the heart beats faster than usual, at more than 100 times per minute. (James Beckerman, 2016

The heartbeat, or pulse rate, is one of the most crucial vital signs to check in any health organisation. Taking a pulse not only measures the heart rate, but also the heart rhythm and the intensity of the pulse. Using these parameters, doctors can determine whether or not there is a problem.

A healthy adult’s normal pulse rate ranges between 60 and 100 beats per minute. The pulse rate changes, meaning it rises and falls depending on whether the body is active or resting. Females over the age of 12 have faster heartbeats than males.

There are several techniques to check your pulse. One of the oldest and most traditional methods is to feel the beats by firmly squeezing the arteries, as blood is pumped out of the body through the arteries. Where the arteries can be felt or the pulse is on the side of the neck, the easiest location is at the wrist, inside your elbow.

Another method for monitoring heart rate was the electrocardiograph, which was a galvanometric instrument that detected and recorded minute variations in electric potential induced by heart action and occurring between different areas of the body. The electrocardiogram was used to detect cardiac disease.

The new current age monitors come in a variety of forms, including the chest and wrist, as well as mobile phones such as the SAMSUNG S6. Since the initial edition of plastic straps, water or liquid was required for the gadget to function properly.

Later, the devices used conductive smart fabric with microprocessors incorporated into them, which analyse the electrocardiograph output to determine the heart rate. Most modern gadgets use optics to measure heart rate using infrared light.

It works by emitting an infrared light from an internal bulb; as the infrared light is absorbed by the blood, a sensor measures how dark the infrared light is;

if it is extremely dark due to the pulse causing a temporal increase in the amount of blood being carried through the measured area, this is counted as a heart pulse.

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