Origin and development of the Stone Age-

*Around 26 lakh B.C. The first hominids emerged from primates in the form of Australopithecus.

*Differed from primates and Australopithecus in that it could walk on two legs. + These hominids gradually evolved into the various human species.

*Gradually genetic changes took place, intelligence and artistic talent developed in humans, which eventually became the reason for the development of human culture.

*On the basis of the Evidence and conclusions received so far, it can be said,

*That early human development first took place in South-East Africa, from where the human race expanded all over the world. History is divided into three parts on the basis of convenience of study and available material/evidence-

(1) Pre History time around 20 lakh - 20 lakh 
3000 B.C., Black-

 of written evidence, based on archaeological material.  Under this the study of Stone age is done.

(2) Proto History - Time 3000 B.C. to 600 B.C.-

 Written evidence is available but could not be read yet. Therefore, it is also known with the help of ancient evidence. Like- Harappa and Vedic civilization.

(3) History : 600 B.c-

. After Written evidence was also received from here and it was also read.

Stone age-

This early Period of human civilization is sited in 1970 for convenience. 'Lartet' has divided the Palaeolithic period into three parts. They have done this division on the basis of type and technical characteristics of stone tools. as-

(1) Paleolithic (20 lakh 10 thousand) B.C.

(2) Middle Paleolithic (10000-6000) B.C.

(3) Neolithic Age (6000-3000) B.C

Palaeolithic Age (2 million - 10,000) B.C.-

* The human of this era used ugly, unformed and unsophisticated tools.

★ This era is mainly known as hunting and food collection. They were completely dependent on hunting.

According to the convenience of the study, the Palaeolithic Age is divided into three sub-periods- Lower Palaeolithic period (from 5 lakh to 50 thousand B.C.), Middle Palaeolithic period (60 thousand 40 thousand) B.C., High. Palaeolithic (40000 BC to 10000) B.c

Lower palaeolithic-

The tools of this period were basically made of quartzite stone- (1) chapar chapping (pebul), (2) hand ax and cleaver

★ In this period man has mainly manufactured core devices.

* In India mainly Sohan Valley (Pakistan), Belan Valley (from where the evidence of all the three phases of the Stone Age has been obtained.)

* Belan Valley is called Text Book of Indian Pre History.  Didwana (Rajasthan), Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh) are major sites.

*Large scale stone age cave paintings have been obtained from Bhimbetka. Pallavaram, Athirampakkam and Giddalur etc. are prominent in South India.

*The first hand ax in India was discovered by British geologist and archaeologist Robert Brucefoot from Pallavaram near Madras in 1863 AD. Before Athirampakkam the Paleolithic tools were discovered by King.

Except Kerala and the upper Ganga valley, all India age sites have been found. Palaeolithi

First in 1867, C.L. Carlyle discovered tools of the Middle Stone Age from the Vindhya region.

In this period, the earliest remains of human skeleton were obtained from Sarainahar Rai, Damdama and Mahdaha of Pratapgarh (U.P.).

Important Mesolithic sites like Sarainahar Rai, Chopanimando and Mahdaha are located in the middle Ganga valley (Belan Valley). Bone and stone tools have been found from Sarainahar Rai.

The houses were made of grass. Somewhere there were stones in the floor. Evidence has been found of burying pillars around the houses. Evidence of three burials in a single row has also been obtained from Sarai Nahar Rai.

★ Cavity millstones and pestles have been found as evidence of permanent life from Chopanimando. Mahdaha is twinned with abattoirs, cowsheds and housing as well.

Evidence of burial was found from Bagore, Rajasthan along with stone and iron age tools.

And human skeletons have been found. Evidence of human burial was found from Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh). 27 male skeletons from Lekhnia and couple burials from Mahdaha

Evidence has been received. The use of fire distinguishes the Mesolithic from the Palaeolithic. The attainment of the stove is a proof that in the collective life

Simultaneously the art of cooking food had started.

Neolithic Age -

The term Neolithic Age was first used by Sir John Luwak in 1865 AD in his book 'Pre Historic Times'.

*Garden Child described it as a revolution. The first stone tools of the Neolithic period were first obtained by Lenmansurier in 1860 AD in the Tons river valley of Uttar Pradesh.

* The oldest Neolithic settlement is in Mehargarh in Balochistan province located in Pakistan. The oldest evidence of agriculture has been obtained from here. Garden Child has described it as a food producing economy.

have described

* The tools of this era The curvy, subtle and polished ax and ax are the representative tools of this era. Is. + Lahuradev (Sant Kabir Nagar-U.P.) to 8000 B.C. Rice

Evidence of cultivation was found, which is the oldest in the world. + Systematic farming started on a global scale and Okhli,

Pestle and pestle were used.  The wheel was invented, pottery was made.

In the Indian subcontinent Mehrgarh, Burzahom, Chirand, Koldihwa,

Neolithic sites like Guffakral etc. have been found. + Two varieties of G, three varieties of wheat and dates and cotton from Mehrgarh

(First in the world) Evidence of farming has been received. Evidence of Gurn Niwas has been obtained from Burjhom and Guffakral.

*A burial site from Burzahom has evidence of the burial of a pet dog along with the owner.

*Evidence of both wild and cultivated rice has been found from Koldihwa. The oldest evidence of pottery in the world has been found from Chopani Mandas.

*Evidence of cow shed has been found from Mahagada, 3 km from Chopanimand in Belanghati.

* Ragi was the first crop to be grown from South India .

 Neolithic period in South India 1000 B.C. Continued till At the same time, the megalithic culture emerged here.

Division of labor and discrimination between men and women also started appearing from this period. The feeling of personal property developed. + During this period, gradually the matrilineal society started changing into a patriarchal society.

Neolithic man started worshiping mother goddess in the form of natural forces.

*Belief in reincarnation was on the rise. It was the Neolithic village cultures that paved the way for the rise of the Bronze Age urban cultures.

The credit goes to Dr. Primrose for starting the archaeological research related to the Neolithic period in India. He discovered tools in 1842 AD from a place called Linga Sugur (Karnataka).

* were also familiar with the art of spinning and weaving; Because the archaeologists have got some parts of the spinning wheel from the excavation.