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Refrigeration and air conditioning by cp arora pdf

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6.14 Alternatives to R 11 (CFC 11) 274
6.15 Comparison of Performance of Reciprocating and
Centrifugal Compressors 281
References 282
Revision Exercises 283
7. Condensers 286
7.1 Heat Rejection Ratio 286
7.2 Types of Condensers 286
7.3 Heat Transfer in Condensers 288
7.4 Wilson’s Plot 300
References 301
Revision Exercises 302
8. Expansion Devices 303
8.1 Types of Expansion Devices 303
8.2 Automatic or Constant-Pressure Expansion Valve 303
8.3 Thermostatic-Expansion Valve 305
8.4 Capillary Tube and Its Sizing 311
References 317
Revision Exercises 317
9. Evaporators 319
9.1 Types of Evaporators 319
9.2 Heat Transfer in Evaporators 322
9.3 Extended Surface Evaporators 329
9.4 Augmentation of Boiling Heat Transfer 334
9.5 Pressure Drop in Evaporators 340
References 347
Revision Exercises 348
10. Complete Vapour Compression System 349
10.1 The Complete System 349
10.2 Graphical Method 349
10.3 Analytical Method 352
10.4 Newton–Raphson Method 355
10.5 Optimal Design of Evaporator 358
10.6 Installation, Service and Maintenance of
Vapour Compression Systems 359
References 365
Revision Exercises 366

x

11. Gas Cycle Refrigeration 367
11.1 Limitations of Carnot Cycle with Gas as a Refrigerant 367
11.2 Reversed Brayton or Joule or Bell Coleman Cycle 367
11.3 Application to Aircraft Refrigeration 371
11.4 Ranque–Hilsch Tube 383
11.5 The Joule–Thomson Coefficient and Inversion Curve 385
11.6 Reversed Stirling Cycle 389
References 399
Revision Exercises 400
12. Vapour–Absorption System 402
12.1 Simple Vapour–Absorption System 402
12.2 Maximum Coefficient of Performance of a
Heat Operated Refrigerating Machine 403
12.3 Common Refrigerant-Absorbent Systems 405
12.4 Modifications to Simple Vapour-Absorption System 406
12.5 Actual Vapour-Absorption Cycle and its Representation
on Enthalpy-Composition Diagram 411
12.6 Representation of Vapour Absorption Cycle
on ln p – 1
T Diagram 419
12.7 Practical Single-effect Water–Lithium
Bromide Absorption Chiller 423
12.8 Double-effect H2O – LiBr2 Absorption System 428
12.9 Electrolux Refrigerator 431
12.10 New Mixtures for Absorption System 432
References 434
Revision Exercises 435
13. Ejector-Compression System 437
13.1 Water as a Refrigerant 437
13.2 Steam Ejector System 438
13.3 Theoretical Analysis of the Steam Ejector 439
References 445
Revision Exercises 445
14. Properties of Moist Air 446
14.1 Brief History of Air Conditioning 446
14.2 Working Substance in Air Conditioning 447
14.3 Psychrometric Properties 452
14.4 Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) 459

xi

14.5 Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature or
Temperature of Adiabatic Saturation 461
14.6 Psychrometric Chart 464
14.7 Application of First Law to a Psychrometric Process 469
References 472
Revision Exercises 472
15. Psychrometry of Air-Conditioning Processes 474
15.1 Mixing Process 474
15.2 Basic Processes in Conditioning of Air 477
15.3 Psychrometric Processes in Air-Conditioning Equipment 482
15.4 Simple Air-Conditioning System and
State and Mass Rate of Supply Air 493
15.5 Summer Air Conditioning-apparatus Dew Point 497
15.6 Winter Air Conditioning 508
Revision Exercises 511
16. Design Conditions 514
16.1 Choice of Inside Design Conditions 514
16.2 Comfort 519
16.3 Outside Design Conditions 521
16.4 Choice of Supply Design Conditions 522
16.5 Critical Loading Conditions 526
16.6 Clean Spaces 528
References 528
Revision Exercises 528
17. Solar Radiation 530
17.1 Distribution of Solar Radiation 530
17.2 Earth-Sun Angles and their Relationships 535
17.3 Time 541
17.4 Wall Solar Azimuth Angle and Angle of Incidence 543
17.5 Direct Solar Radiation on a Surface 543
17.6 Diffuse Sky Radiation on a Surface 545
17.7 Heat Gain through Glass 547
17.8 Shading from Reveals, Overhangs and Fins 551
17.9 Effect of Shading Device 555
17.10 Tables for Solar Heat Gain through Ordinary Glass 556
17.11 The Flat-Plate Solar Collector 568
References 571
Revision Exercises 572

xii

18. Heat Transfer through Building Structures 574
18.1 Fabric Heat Gain 574
18.2 Overall Heat-Transmission Coefficient 574
18.3 Periodic Heat Transfer through Walls and Roofs 581
18.4 Finite Difference Approximation of One-Dimensional
Heat Transfer Through Wall 584
18.5 Empirical Methods to Evaluate Heat Transfer
through Walls and Roofs 594
18.6 Natural Ventilation through Infiltration 606
18.7 Passive Heating and Cooling of Buildings 611
18.8 Water Vapour Transfer through Structures 614
References 618
Revision Exercises 618
19. Load Calculations and Applied Psychrometrics 621
19.1 Preliminary Considerations 621
19.2 Internal Heat Gains 622
19.3 System Heat Gains 625
19.4 Break-up of Ventilation Load and
Effective Sensible Heat Factor 627
19.5 Cooling Load Estimate 628
19.6 Heating Load Estimate 629
19.7 Psychrometric Calculations for Cooling 635
19.8 Selection of Air-Conditioning Apparatus
for Cooling and Dehumidification 640
19.9 Evaporative Cooling 651
19.10 Building Requirements and Energy
Conservation in Air Conditioned Buildings 653
References 659
Revision Exercises 659
20. Design of Air-Conditioning Apparatus 662
20.1 Air-Conditioning Apparatus 662
20.2 Heat and Moisture Transfer in
Air-Conditioning Apparatus 662
20.3 Coil Equipment—Design of Cooling and
Dehumidifying Coils 668
20.4 Optimal Design of Cooling and
Dehumidifying Coils 682
20.5 Spray Equipment—Design of Air Washers
and Cooling Towers 683
References 694
Revision Exercises 694

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