In 1830, there were nationalistic and liberal revolutions in the Italian states of Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Naples. Revolutions were also staged in the Popal states of Umbria, Romagna, and Manches. These states were under the direct political and religious control of the Pope. The nationalists in Italy wanted independence while the liberals demanded for constitutions which would give them freedom of press, speech and association among others. The nationalists in Italy wanted an end to the Austrian control in Northern Italy and the control of Naples by King Ferdinand I who was restored by the Vienna Settlement of 1815.

CAUSES THE 1830 REVOLUTIONS IN THE ITALIAN STATES

The mistakes of the 1815 Vienna settlement caused the 1830 revolutions in the Italian states. For example, the settlement imposed direct Austrian rule or imperialism over the Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia. The Central Duchies of Modena, Parma and Tuscany were also put under Austrian rulers while in Naples and Sicily as well as the Popal states, the Austrian influence was greatly felt.  It was only Piedmont-Sardinia that was under a true Italian leader known as King Victor Emmanuel I. therefore, the Italians rose up so as to overthrow this Austrian foreign domination and get their independence.

The desire for liberal institutions among the Italian states caused the 1830 revolutions. By 1830, the Italians were under the autocratic restored rulers who denied the Italians the right to constitutional and parliamentary rule. This therefore influenced the Italians to stage revolutions in 1830.

The oppressive Metternich system also caused the 1830 Italian revolutions. This was the case with the revolts in states like Lombardy and Venetia.

The success of the French revolutions of 1789 and 1830 also led to the outbreak of the 1830 Italian revolutions. These revolutions provide an example which was picked up by the Italians. These revolutions also gave birth to nationalism and liberalism in Europe which were particularly responsible for the outbreak of the 1830 revolts in Italy.

The “Napoleonic influence” in Italy caused the 1830 revolutions. When Napoleon I conquered the Italians states from Austria during the 1796-1797 Italian Campaign, he introduced reforms in Italy like the freedom of worship and press. This undoubtedly prepared the people of Italy for revolts especially when such gains were eroded by the restored kings in the Italian states.

The influence of the earlier revolutions in the Italian states also caused the 1830 revolutions. For example, in 1820-1821 there had been revolutions in the Italian states of Sicily, Naples and Piedmont which were crushed by Prince Metternich of Austria. These revolutions gave rise to the 1830 revolts in the Italian states because the demands of the revolutionaries were not fulfilled in 1830.The formation of secret societies in the Italian states also caused the 1830 revolutions. A number of underground societies were formed by the Italian patriots to advance the liberal and nationalistic aspirations of the Italians. These secret societies therefore spread revolutionary propaganda against the restored kings and Austrian rule in Italy, thus calling for an end to foreign and dictatorial rule. This therefore inspired the Italians to rise up in 1830. The most important was the Carbonari Society which had its headquarters in Naples.

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