This new edition of Parikh’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence Forensic Medicine and Toxicology contains updated information, improved visual images, and numerous new photographs relating to decomposition, autopsy techniques, various injuries, violent asphyxial deaths, and snake and scorpion poisoning.
Recent topics such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act of 2012 and recent changes in criminal law concerning rape, sexual deviations, penetrating sexual assault, and acid attacks have been incorporated.
Body farming, virtual autopsy, narcoanalysis, hair dye poisoning, new plant poisons like brassinolide, and khat abuse have all been added as current topics.
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A proper study method necessitates that a student review the types of questions that he will encounter in his respective subjects to pass the examinations that will determine his future. Because such questions are not available in the proper sequence, the current effort is being made to fill such a significant gap.
With important points highlighted in bold and italic fonts, the model answers will assist many students in systematically and thoroughly preparing for the subject. It will also help him assess his preparation for the subject and identify areas to do more work.
When confronted with a problem, a practitioner/forensic expert should consult the index to obtain the necessary information as quickly as possible. He’ll find the practical hints and procedures he needs for his specific task.
Law enforcement officers should refer to the relevant chapter/topic and thoroughly study it when confronted with a problem. They will discover potential questions, pitfalls, and necessary procedures to help them with their work. Lawyers will find ready-made questions and correct answers to their problems at a glance, allowing them to question their witnesses appropriately.
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- A doctor is eager to solve practical problems that arise in his day-to-day practice. He wants to know how to prepare an age certificate or an injury report when it is appropriate not to issue a death certificate, what precautions he should take to avoid a malpractice allegation, and so on. He wants an immediate and definitive solution to his problems.
- An expert wants to know if a specific finding at autopsy is an antemortem injury or an artifact. He wants to know what precautions should be taken when performing an autopsy on an AIDS-infected body. He wants to use a specialized technique, such as DNA fingerprinting, to determine a criminal’s true identity.
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To meet these varying needs, a sufficiently comprehensive and practical monograph to cover the diverse needs of various users is required. And, for ease of use, it should be written in simple language. Simultaneously, it should be scientifically accurate and in question-and-answer format. A format like this ensures that a user can easily search for and select a solution to his specific needs and do proper justice to the job at hand.
- As a result, such a monograph is urgently needed in the current situation. As a result, it now fills an important gap in the literature on the subject.
To ensure adequate and appropriate coverage, several experts reviewed most of the chapters with a critical eye. Their helpful suggestions have been carefully considered. The writing is clear. When technical terms are used, they are defined.
The text is written in such simple but scientifically accurate language that a reader will enjoy reading it and studying his requirements in proper perspective with minimal effort. To that end, the topic sequence is logical, the description is precise, and headings and subheadings, as well as the use of bold and italic fonts, draw attention to important points. Wherever possible, examples are provided.
To explain complex ideas or concepts, visual displays in tables and illustrations are used. Repetition is used only when it improves clarity. The index is extensive, detailed, and cross-referenced.
Contents
PART 1: Medical Jurisprudence
• SECTION 1 •
- Introduction and Legal Procedure 3
- Law and Medicine 22
Law in Relation to the Medical
Profession 22
The Indian Medical Council (MCI) 22
The State Medical Councils 24
State Medical Register 24
Medical Etiquette and
Medical Ethics 24
Disciplinary Control 25
Compulsory Duties of a
Medical Practitioner 27
Voluntary Duties of a Medical
Practitioner 27
Practitioner and Patient 28
Continue to Treat 28
Reasonable Care 29
Reasonable Skill 29
Professional Secrets and Privileged
Communication 30
Illustrative Cases 34
Duties of a Patient 36
Professional Negligence 36
Civil Negligence (Malpractice) 37
Criminal Negligence 38
Resuscitate or Not 39
Investigation of Anaesthetic Deaths 41
Novus Actus Interveniens 43
Therapeutic Hazards/Therapeutic
Misadventure 43
Product Liability 43
Precautions Against Negligence 44
Contributory Negligence 44
Vicarious Responsibility 45
Euthanasia 45
Malingering 46
Medical Indemnity Insurance 47
Practice of Legal Medicine 47
Introduction to Forensic Nursing:
A New Perspective in Health Care 49
Virginia Lynch, MSN, RN
Fellow, American Academy of
Forensic Sciences President,
International Association of
Forensic Nurses, USA 49
Investigation of Trauma 50
Domestic Violence 52
Sexual Assault (SANE/SART) 52
Conclusion 53
The National Medical Commission 54
PART 2: Forensic Medicine and Pathology
• SECTION 2 • - Personal Identification 59
Race 60
Religion 60
Sex 60
Variations from Normal Sex 61
Intersex States 62
Concealed Sex 62
Age 63
Teeth 63
Ossification of Bones 65
Height and Weight 66
Miscellaneous Particulars 68
Age Certificate 70
General Development 70
Congenital Features 70
Contents
xvi Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Fingerprints (Dactylography,
Dermatoglyphics, Galton System) 71
Dr Subrahmanyam’s ‘Namaste’
Technique 73
Footprints (Podogram) 74
Congenital Malformations 74
Acquired Peculiarities 74
Occupational Marks 74
Tattoo Marks 74
Scars 75
Time Required for Scar Formation 76
Scar and Causative Agent 76
Age of Scars 76
Growth and Disappearance of Scars 76
Examination of Scars 76
Medicolegal Significance of Scars 77
Acquired Malformations 77
Miscellaneous Data 77 - Identification in Mass Disasters 79
Photographs 79
Faked Photographs 80
Superimposition Photography 81
Facial Reconstruction 81
Forensic Odontology 86
X-rays 88
Ultraviolet Rays 89
Postmortem Serology 89
DNA Profiling 90 - Medicolegal Autopsy 94
External Examination 104
Internal Examination 106
Disposal 113
Preserve, Pack and Label 113
Preservation and Despatch
of Viscera 116 - Autopsy on Decomposed Bodies,
Mutilated Bodies, Fragmentary
Remains and Bones 124
Decomposed Bodies 124
Mutilated Bodies and
Fragmentary Remains 125
Bones 128 - Handling HIV-Infected and
Hepatitis B Positive Bodies 131
At the Scene 131
In the Autopsy Room 131
In the Laboratory 132
In the Court 132
General Precautions 132 - Autopsy on Bodies Contaminated
with Radioactive Compounds 133 - Postmortem Artifacts 136
Therapeutic Artifacts 136
Agonal Artifacts 137
Postmortem Artifacts 137 - Exhumation 142
• SECTION 3 • - Medicolegal Aspects of Death
Investigation 147
Causes of Sudden Natural Death 150
Signs of Death 151
Signs of Somatic or Clinical
Death (Immediate Signs) 151
Signs of Molecular or Cellular
Death (Early Signs) 152
Cooling of the Body 152
Changes in the Eye 153
Changes in the Skin 154
Primary Relaxation 157
Rigor Mortis 157
Secondary Relaxation 161
Late Signs 161
Putrefaction 161
Colour Changes 162
Gases of Putrefaction 162
Pressure Effects of Putrefactive
Gases 162
Appearance of Maggots 164
Other Sequelae 165
External Factors 168
Internal Factors 169
Body Farming 170
Presumption of Death 173
Presumption of Survivorship 173 - Deaths from Asphyxia 175
- Violent Asphyxial Deaths 180
Hanging 180
Postmortem Appearances 181
Ligature Strangulation 187
Postmortem Appearances 188
Contents xvii
Throttling (Manual Strangulation) 192
Autopsy Appearances 192
Suffocation 194
Smothering 195
Autopsy Appearances 195
Medicolegal Aspects 196
Choking 196
Traumatic Asphyxia 198
Drowning: Immersion 199
Classification 199
Typical Drowning 199
Atypical Drowning 200
Mechanism of Drowning 200 - Deaths from Starvation, Cold,
and Heat 208
Deaths from Starvation 208
Deaths from Cold 211
Deaths from Heat 213 - Anaphylactic Deaths 215
External Examination 215
Internal Examination 215
Microscopic Findings 216
• SECTION 4 • - Mechanical Injuries—General
Aspects 221
Mechanism of Injury 221
Classification 222
Abrasions 222
Bruises (Contusions) 224
Lacerations 229
Incised Wounds 231
Stab Wounds 234
Defence Wounds 240
Self-inflicted Wounds 240
Injury Patterns 242 - Firearms and Firearm Injuries 243
Part 1: Firearms and Ballistics 243
Part 2: Some Medical Aspects of
Firearm Injuries 254 - Injuries—Medicolegal Aspects 271
Injury Certificate 273
Nature of Injury 274
Simple, Grievous, or
Dangerous Injury 274
Haemorrhage 279
Injury to a Vital Organ 280
Neurogenic Shock 280
Infection 281
Renal Failure (Crush Syndrome) 281
Thrombosis 281
Embolism 282
Secondary Shock 284
Consumptive Coagulopathy 284
Indirect Effects 284
Acceleration of Pre-existing Disease 284
Supervention of New Disease 285
Operative Treatment 285
Neglect of Treatment 285
Volitional Acts after Injury 285
Naked Eye Appearance of Wounds 286
Histological Timing of Wounds 286
Histochemical Timing of Wounds 287
Biochemical Timing of Wounds 289
Scene of Crime 291
The Injury 292
The Weapon 293
Circumstantial Evidence 293 - Trauma, Work Stress, and Disease 295
Trauma and the Heart 296
Trauma and the Nervous System 296
Trauma and the Alimentary System 297
Trauma and Malignancy 297
Disease from Non-traumatic
Accidents 298 - Regional Injuries 299
Head 299
Scalp 299
Skull 300
Fractures of the Skull 300
Mechanism of Cerebral Injury 303
Coup and Contrecoup Injury 303
Injuries to Cranial Contents 304
Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord 314
Face 316
Neck 317
Chest 319
Abdomen 322
Bones 326
Joints 328
xviii Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology - Transportation Injuries 330
Motor Vehicle Injuries 330
Pedestrian Injuries 330
Driver and Passenger Injuries 333
Front Impact Crash 334
Side Impact Crash 335
Rear Impact Crash 335
Roll-over Crash 335
Other Mishaps 336
Seat Belts 336
Autopsy 337
Scene of Mishap 337
Clothing 337
History 338
Injuries 338
Laboratory Specimens 340
Motor Cycle Injuries 340
Moped and Bicycle Injuries 341
Railway Injuries 342
Suicidal Injuries 342
Accidental Injuries 342
Difficulties in Diagnosis of
Railway Accident Deaths 343
Aircraft Injuries 343
Crash Accidents 343
Flight Accidents 344 - Thermal Injuries 345
Burns 346
Dowry Deaths 355
Difficulties in Diagnosis of
Death from Burns 358
Scalds 358
Electricity 360
Low Voltage Current Injuries 363
High Voltage Current Injuries 364
Difficulties in Diagnosis 368
Lightning 369
Explosions 371
Medicolegal Aspects 373 - Violence in the Home 374
Battered Baby (Caffey Syndrome) 374
Autopsy 375
Battered Wives 377
Battered Elderly 377
Battered Husbands 378
• SECTION 5 • - Impotence, Sterility, Sterilisation,
and Artificial Insemination 381
Impotence and Sterility 381
Sterilisation 385
Artificial Insemination 385
Precautions to be Taken by a Doctor 386
Legal Problems 386
Test-tube Baby 387
Surrogate Motherhood 387
New Fertility Technique 387 - Virginity, Pregnancy, and Delivery 389
Virginity 389
Pregnancy 392
Presumptive Signs 392
Probable Signs 393
Conclusive Signs of Pregnancy 395
Delivery 397
Signs of Recent Delivery
in the Living 397
Signs of Recent Delivery
in the Dead 398
Signs of Remote Delivery
in the Living 399
Signs of Remote Delivery
in the Dead 399 - Legitimacy 401
Maitri Karar (Friendship Contract)
(Living Together on Contract) 403 - Natural Sexual Offences 405
Rape 405
Law on Rape in India 406
Intramarital Rape 408
Examination of the Rape Victim 409
The Preliminary Data 409
The Inference 415
Accidents Following Rape 417
Examination of the Accused 417
Incest 419
Proforma for Investigation of
Sexual Offences 419
Physical Examination—Female 419
Opinion 420
Physical Examination—Male 420
Opinion 420
Protection of Children from
Sexual Offences 420
Contents xix - Unnatural Sexual Offences 424
Sodomy 424
Examination of the Passive Agent 425
Examination of the
Habitual Passive Agent 425
Examination of the Active Agent 426
Difficulties in Diagnosis 426 - Sexual Perversions/Deviations 428
- Abortion 430
Natural Abortion 430
Artificial or Induced Abortion 430
Criminal Abortion 432
Use of Drugs 433
Mechanical Violence 434
Examination of the Woman 435 - Infanticide 441
Autopsy on Infants and Stillborns 441
Degree of Maturity 445
Signs of Establishment
of Respiration 446
Other Signs 447
Natural Causes 449
Accidental Causes 449
Criminal Causes 451
Abandoning of Children 453
Concealment of Birth 453 - “Cot Deaths” or SIDS 454
PART 3: Forensic Psychiatry
• SECTION 6 • - Forensic Psychiatry
(Mental Illness/Impairment) 459
Dementia 463
Drug-induced Psychoses 463
Confusional States 464
Epileptic Psychosis 464
Psychosis due to Pregnancy
and Child Birth 465
Post-traumatic Psychosis 465
Psychosis due to General Diseases 466
Schizophrenia 466
Manic-Depressive Psychosis 468
Neurotic Disorders 469
Diagnosis of Mental Illness 469
Restraint of the Mentally Ill 472
Civil Responsibilities of
the Mentally Ill 475
Criminal Responsibility of
the Mentally Ill 476
Unsound Mind and Other Pleas 478
McNaghten Rules 479
Doctrine of Partial Responsibility 480
Durham Rule 480
Currens Rule 480
American Law Institute’s Test 480
Norwegian System 481
Illustrative Cases 481
PART 4: Forensic Biology and Serology
• SECTION 7 • - Forensic Examination of Biological
Fluids, Stains, and Other Materials 491
Forensic Examination of Biological
Fluids, Stains and Other Materials 491
Blood 491
General Considerations 491
Basic Genetic Principles 492
Blood Groups as Hereditary Factors 492
Different Blood Group Systems 493
Grouping Based on
Red Cell Antigens 493
Grouping Based on Blood Proteins 495
Grouping Based on Enzymes 495
Grouping Based on
White Cell Antigens 495
Blood Transfusion Reactions 497
DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting) 498
Disputed Paternity and Maternity 499
Illustrative Cases of Disputed
Paternity and Maternity 500
Blood Stains 500
Physical Examination 501
Chemical Examination 504
Physicochemical Examination 505
Microscopic (Microchemical)
Examination 506
Spectroscopic Examination 507
Detection of Species Origin 508
Discussion 509
xx Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Detection of Blood Groups in Stains 511
Discussion 511
Semen 512
Physical Examination 512
Chemical Examination 512
Microscopic Examination 513
Electrophoretic Methods 514
Identification of Species Origin 515
Blood Groups in Seminal Stains 515
Proof of Semen 516
Saliva 516
Urine 516
Faecal Matter 517
Milk 517
Hair 517
The National DNA Data Bank 521 - Collection and Preservation of
Biological Materials 522
Blood 522
Saliva 522
Swabs and Smears 523
Hair 523
Nails 523
PART 5: Clinical and Forensic Toxicology
• SECTION 8 • - Introduction and Law Relating
to Poisons 527
Introduction 527
Routes of Administration 531
Action of Poisons 531
Dose 531
Form of Poison 532
Method of Administration 532
Condition of the Body 532
Fate of Poisons in the Body
(Toxicokinetics) 533
Poisoning in the Living 533
Poisoning in the Dead 533
Removal of Unabsorbed Poison
from the Body 535
Use of Antidotes 537
Elimination of the Absorbed Poison 539
Treatment of General Symptoms 539
Maintenance of the
Patient’s General Condition 539
Assessment of the Patient 540
Glasgow Coma Scale 541
Best Eye Response 541
Best Verbal Response (V) 541
Best Motor Response (M) 541
The Narco Analysis Test 542 - Toxicological Evidence 543
Forensic Aspects 543
Symptoms and Signs 544
Autopsy Findings 544
Evidence of Pathological Lesion 544
Analytical Aspects 545
Other Examinations 545
Embalming and
Toxicological Analysis 545
Putrefaction and
Toxicological Analysis 546
Interpretation 546 - Common Household Poisons 550
Corrosives 551 - Mineral Acids and Caustic Alkalis 552
- Organic Acids 555
Oxalic Acid 555
Carbolic Acid (Phenol) 556 - Vegetable Acid Poisons 559
Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanides 559
Illustrative Cases 562
• SECTION 9 • - Non-Metallic Poisons 565
Irritant Poisons 565
Non-metallic Poisons 565
Phosphorus 565
Acute Poisoning 566
Postmortem Appearances 567
Medicolegal Aspects 567
Chronic Poisoning 568
Iodine 568
Contents xxi - Metallic Poisons 570
Arsenic 570
Sources of Arsenic 570
Poisoning by Organic
Arsenical Compounds 573
Mercury (Para) 575
Sources of Mercury 575
Lead (Shisha) 577
Copper (Tamba) 580
Thallium 582
Zinc 583 - Vegetable Poisons 585
Ricinus Communis
(Castor Oil Plant, Arandi) 585
Croton Tiglium (Jamalgota, Nepala) 586
Abrus Precatorius (Jequirity Bean) 586
Colocynth (Bitter Apple, Indrayani) 587
Ergot 588
Capsicum (Chillis) 589
Semecarpus Anacardium
(Marking Nut) 590
Calotropis (Madar, Akdo) 591
Plumbago Rosea (Lal Chitra) and
Plumbago Zeylanica (Chitra) 592 - Animal Poisons 593
Cantharides (Spanish Fly) 593
Snakes (Ophidia) 594
Scorpions 604 - Mechanical Poisons 606
Powdered Glass 606 - Food Poisoning
and Poisonous Foods 607
Bacterial Food Poisoning 607
Bioterrorism 610
Poisonous Mushrooms (Fungi) 611
• SECTION 10 • - Somniferous Poisons (Opioids) 617
Opium and Morphine 617
Heroin (Brown Sugar) 620 - Drug Dependence 622
Drug Abuse Deaths 624
Solvent Abuse/Glue Sniffing 625 - Inebriant Poisons 629
Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol) 629
Chronic Poisoning
(Alcoholic Addiction) 633
Drunkenness 634
Diagnosis 634
Difficulties in Diagnosis 636
Alcohol and Prohibition 637
The Bombay Prohibition Act (BPA) 637
Consumption Cases 638
Possession Cases 640
Methyl Alcohol 640
Isopropyl Alcohol 641
Ethylene Glycol 642 - Sedatives and Hypnotics 643
Chloral Hydrate 643
Barbiturates 644 - Fuels 647
Petroleum (Rock Oil) 647 - Agrichemical Poisons 649
Organophosphorus Compounds 649
Chlorinated Compounds 652
Endrin 652
Naphthalene 654
Paraquat 655
Aluminium Phosphide 655
Hair Dye Poisoning 656 - Deliriant Poisons 660
Dhatura 660
Hyoscyamus Niger 663
Cannabis Indica 663 - Spinal Poisons 666
Strychnos Nux-vomica (Kuchila) 666 - Peripheral Nerve Poisons 669
Curare 669
Conium (Hemlock) 669 - Cardiac Poisons 671
Digitalis Purpurea (Digitalis
or Foxglove) 671
Oleander (Kaner) 672
Nerium Odorum (White
Oleander, Kaner) 672
Yellow Oleander
(Cerbera Thevetia, Pila Kaner) 673
xxii Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Cerbera Odollam
(Dabur, Dhakur, Pilikirbir) 674
Aconite (Mithazahar, Mitha Bish) 674
Nicotine (Tobacco) 675 - Asphyxiants (Irrespirable Gases) 679
Carbon Monoxide 679
Carbon Dioxide 681
Hydrogen Sulphide 682
War Gases 682
PART 6: Forensic Pharmacology
• SECTION 11 • - Analgesics and Antipyretics 689
Analgesics and Antipyretics 689
Aspirin 689
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) 690 - Antihistaminics 692
- Tranquillisers 693
- Antidepressants 694
- Stimulants 695
Amphetamines 695
Cocaine 695
Chronic Cocaine Poisoning 696
Medicolegal Aspects 698 - Hallucinogens 699
LSD, Peyote, Mescaline,
Phencyclidine (PCP) 699 - Street Drugs and Designer Drugs 701
Street Drugs 701
Designer Drugs 701 - Alphabetical Poison Table 703
PART 7: Appendix
• SECTION 12 • - Some Important Information 723
Heights and Weights 723
Formulae for Estimation of Stature 724
Multiplication Factors 724
Useful Measures 724
Certificates 724
Medicolegal Documents,
Proformas, and Labels 725
Labels 730
Data of Organs 730
Proforma for Examination of
a Case of Impotency 731
Common Court Questions 732
I. Deaths from Hanging or
Strangulation 732
II. Death from Drowning 732
III. Death from Wounds or Blows 733
IV. Death from Firearm Injuries 733
V. Death from Burns 734
VI. Abortion Deaths 734
VII. Infanticide 735
VIII. Death due to Poisoning 735
Questions that may be put to a
Chemical Examiner/FSL Scientist 736
Questions that may be put to a
Non-professional Witness in a
Case of Suspected Poisoning 737
The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 738
The Criminal Law (Amendment)
Bill, 2013 738
New Offences 738
Changes in Law 739
The Criminal Law (Amendment)
Act, 2013 740
INDEX 745
Book Details
- Book Name: Parikh’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for Classrooms and Courtrooms, 8th Edition
- Authors: B.V. Subrahmanyam (Author)
- ASIN : B07M84C8TG
- Publisher : CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd, India; 8th edition (February 28, 2019)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 776 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9388327969
- ISBN-13 : 978-9388327961
- Item Weight : 2.75 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.8 x 1.3 x 9.7 inches
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