The first day of the United Nations General Assembly meeting kicked off in downtown Manhattan Tuesday, bringing in speakers from around the world to discuss the globe’s most pressing challenges. 

Leaders spoke of the many global crises presently faced, including the climate crisis, rampant inequality, Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine, and geopolitical instability. 

Here are some highlights of the leaders who spoke on Day 1:

UN SECRETARY-GENERAL

UN Secretary-General António Guterres evoked the recent floods in Libya which – according to estimates from government officials and aid agencies – caused between 4,000 and 11,000 deaths. Guterres echoed the conclusions of scientists who have said that climate change made the devastating storm 50% more intense. 

“In the face of all these challenges and more, compromise has become a dirty word. Our world needs statesmanship, not gamesmanship and gridlock. As I told the G20, it is time for a global compromise. Politics is compromise. Diplomacy is compromise,” he said. “Effective leadership is compromise. Leaders have a special responsibility to achieve compromise in building a common future of peace and prosperity for our common good.”

PRESIDENT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Dennis Francis, the president of this year’s U.N. General Assembly, said a common, global approach is needed now more than ever as the global faces geopolitical conflicts, climate change, debt, energy and food crises, as well as poverty and famine. 

“This year our imperative is clear: to unite the nations, to be united in conviction of common purpose and in solidarity of action,” Francis said. 

BRAZIL

Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva proclaimed that “Brazil is back,” drawing a distinction with his predecessor, Jair Bolsonaro, who showed little interest in geopolitics or diplomacy during his four years in office. 

“Brazil is reencountering itself, the region, the world and multilateralism,” Lula said. “As I never tire of saying, Brazil is back. Our country is back to give our due contribution to face the world’s primary challenges.” 

Last year, the left-wing president narrowly won the election before Bolsonaro supporters stormed the capital in protest.  

UNITED STATES

U.S. President Joe Biden made his case before the General Assembly that the world must stand united behind Ukraine as it battles Russian aggression. 

“I ask you this: If we abandon the core principles of the United States to appease an aggressor, can any member state in this body feel confident that they are protected?” Biden said in his address. “If we allow Ukraine to be carved up, is the independence of any nation secure?

COLOMBIA

Columbian President Gustavo Petro painted a dark picture if the nations of the world do not address climate change. 

With grandiose language, Petro said the past year was one that “humanity lost” as it “advanced the times of extinction.” 

He warned that the climate crisis has exacerbated the refugee crisis, warning that in the next half-century, climate refugees could reach 3 billion. 

JORDAN

Jordan’s King Abdullah touched on the refugee crisis, saying his country does not have the ability to host, nor care for more Syrian refugees. 

“Syrian refugees’ future is in their country, not in host countries,” he said. “But until they are able to return, we must all do right by them.” 

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POLAND

Polish President Andrzej Duda likened the Russian invasion of Ukraine to the World War II occupation and partition of his own country by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. He urged the world to hold Moscow accountable for its “barbaric actions.” 

“Poland lost its independence, was wiped (off) the map of the world, and subjected to an extremely brutal occupation. This is precisely why we understand the tragedy of Ukraine better than any other country,” Duda said.

CUBA

Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel took aim at the U.S., calling its foreign policy with some countries – including his own – “unilateral” and “coercive.” His speech was noticeably absent, any mention of Russia, which supports the island nation.  

Díaz-Canel said U.S. sanctions “today also affect Venezuela, Nicaragua and, before and after, they have been the prelude to invasions and (the) overthrow of uncomfortable governments in the Middle East.” 

“We reject the coercive and unilateral measures imposed on countries like Zimbabwe, Syria, the Democratic Republic of Korea and Iran, among many other countries whose people suffer the negative impact of these,” he said. 

His comments come days after he and Brazilian President Lula reignited ties between the countries at the G77 summit in Havana, with the former lamenting the U.S. embargo of Cuba. 

TURKEY

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for peace in the Caucasus region amid renewed fighting in a war-torn Nagorno-Karabakh region. 

“In order to make use of this opportunity we attach importance to the normalization of our relations with Armenia,” Erdogan said. “From the outset we always supported diplomacy between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Unfortunately, we see that Armenia cannot make use of this historic opportunity.”

PORTUGAL

Portugues President Marcelo de Sousa stressed the need for more action and less talk on global inequality, climate change, and reforming international institutions in the wake of the war in Ukraine. 

“Year after year, we promise. It’s time to fulfill,” he said, warning that without reform: “there is no multilateralism possible, there is no lasting cooperation, there is no peace, all over the world.” 

QATAR

Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, the emir of Qatar, said Tuesday that sports can play a role in uniting different peoples and cultures across the world.

At the United Nations General Assembly, Sheikh Tamim touted the “tremendous potentials and opportunities” that belong to his small Arab country, which hosted the soccer World Cup last fall. 

“During the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, there was an opportunity for interaction between peoples, and it was an opportunity for the world to see our people as they are and to learn about our culture and values,” Sheikh Tamim said, calling Qatar a “global destination and nexus between East and West.” 

SOUTH AFRICA

South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged the over-representation of men in the room, asking: “Where are the women of the world?” 

In his speech, he stressed the need to empower women and have them participate equally in decision-making. Fifty percent of cabinet members in South Africa are women, and Ramaphosa said he was accompanied by an all-female delegation to the United Nations.

TURKMENISTAN

President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedow called for multilateralism, as the world faces “very serious challenges out of multiple regions.” 

“All of them, despite their difference in appearance, influence the course of interstate relations, [to] a greater or lesser extent,” he said. 

UKRAINE

Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused Russia of “weaponizing” everything from food and energy to abducted children in its war against his country. 

He warned world leaders that the same thing could happen to them. 

“When hatred is weaponized against one nation, it never stops there,” he said at the U.N. General Assembly’s annual top-level meeting. “The goal of the present war against Ukraine is to turn our land, our people, our lives, our resources into weapons against you — against the international rules-based order.”

GUATEMALA

In his last speech to the United Nations, Guateleman President Alejandro Giammattei promised he would step down come January 14, after appealing the electoral victoria of his opponent Bernardo Arévalo.

“Different from the lack of truth that we have heard today on this podium, I will hand over power to whoever was elected by the sovereign majority will of the people of Guatemala on January 14, when my constitutional mandate is fulfilled,” Giammattei said, criticizing “international organizations” for carrying out an “unnecessary” intervention” in Guatemalan elections. 

HUNGARY

Hungarian President Katalin Novák spoke of the need to support Ukraine, as well as strengthening families, and the importance of parental freedom. 

SWITZERLAND

Swiss President Alain Berset said: “In the context of armed conflicts, the lack of access to basic services claims many more lives than confrontations because it depends on inequalities.” 

SLOVENIA

Slovenian President Nataša Pirc Musar warned that “business as usual is not working if it’s failing us all.” 

“Climate change is the greatest challenge of our time. The catastrophic floods that hit Slovenia in August are just one more event among the many, many events around the world that prove the point. I trust that we will be able to overcome the consequences of the floods.” 

UZBEKISTAN

Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev spoke out against forced child labor.

“Our experience shows that it is possible to put an end to this,” he said. 

Mirziyoyev highlighted the need to expand education and create jobs, saying such things were instrumental in eradicating poverty. 

BOLIVIA 

Bolivian President Luis Arce spoke out forcefully against capitalism which, he argued, exacerbated global inequality. He also spoke of the “suffering” of the Palestinian people and criticized sanctions as ultimately hurting civilians. 

He lamented that “peacekeeping” has become more unattainable amid increases in wartime spending. 

KAZAKHSTAN 

Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev proposed nuclear disarmament, noting that his country gave up its arsenal some 30 years ago. At the time, Kazakhstan had the fourth-largest number of nuclear weapons. 

IRAN 

Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi took shots at the West, saying certain nations “are attempting to incite conflicts in different regions employing a cold war mentality.” 

Reading from the Koran, Raisi said Iran “has played a significant role in defeating the global arrogance.” 

His appearance at the UN General Assembly meeting brought mass protests, with demonstrators denouncing his appearance. Israel’s Ambassador to the UN Gilad Erdan left the meeting in protest. 

ALGERIA

Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune homed in on the plight of the Palestinians. He called upon the UN to grant Palestine permanent member status. 

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ARGENTINA

President Alberto Fernández referenced the recent flare-up in Azerbaijan, where military forces have started to take control of the contested Nagorno Karabakh region.