We often try to choose our words very carefully. However, we rarely consider the sources and origins of the many expressions that litter our conversations. 

Many phrases that have been adopted into everyday use originate from seafaring – particularly from the days of sail. 

When we delve into this world of words, we discover fascinating and enticing stories full of tradition, history, and valuable advice gleaned from the life experiences of those who helped create them. 

For instance, terms sourced from a life at sea are as diverse and abundant as the sailors who contributed to their creation.

 Do you know that "cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey" comes from brass ship's fittings and that POSH means "Port out, starboard Home", but neither of these is correct? 

This article describes the meanings and origins of various terms, idioms, and phrases whose origins can be traced back to sailors and seafarers of old. 

Seafaring has a long and rich history. 

Many activities involved in life on the ocean have seeded the growth of nautical terms that have subsequently found their way into our day-to-day vocabulary in the form of idioms, phrases, and slang.

The term logbook, for example, has an interesting derivation in itself. An early form of measuring a ship's progress was casting a wooden board (the log) overboard with a string attached. 

The rate at which the line was paid out as the ship moved away from the stationary log was measured by counting how long it took between knots n the rope. These measurements were later transcribed into a book; this is how we got the term 'logbook' and the name 'knot' as the unit of speed at sea.

Above board - Anything on or above the open deck. If something is available and in plain view, it is above board.

All at sea - This dates to when accurate navigational aids weren't available. Any ship out of sight of land was in an uncertain position and in danger of becoming lost.

Aloof means to stand apart or be indifferent, but it came from the Old Dutch word loef, which meant "windward" and was used to describe a ship within a fleet which sailed higher to the wind and was thus drawn apart from the rest of the fleet.

At loggerheads - An iron ball attached to a long handle was a loggerhead. When heated, it was used to seal the pitch in deck seams. It was sometimes a handy weapon for quarrelling crew members.

Chock-a-block - A block and tackle is a pulley system used on sailing ships to hoist the sails. The phrase describes what occurs the system is raised to its fullest extent – when there is no more rope free, and the blocks jam tightly together. Predictably this led to its current meaning, "crammed so tightly together as to prevent movement".

Clean bill of health - A certificate signed by a port authority attesting that no contagious disease existed in the port of departure and none of the crew was infected with an illness at the time of sailing. Shore-side, it means in good shape.

Clear the deck - One of the things done in preparation for battle. Current usage is similar to batten down the hatches.

Close quarters - In the 17th century, the barriers sailors laid across a ship's deck to provide a haven from the enemy were called close fights. By the mid-18th century, confined defensive spaces became called 'close quarters', i.e. close dwellings. This eventually came to mean 'near enough to be able to fight hand to hand.

Copper-bottomed - described ships fitted with copper plating on the underside of their hulls. The process was first used on ships of the British Navy in 1761 to defend their wooden planking against attack by Teredo worms, a.k.a. Shipworms, and to reduce infestations by barnacles. The method successfully protected ships' timbers, increased speed and manoeuvrability, and became widely used. Before long, 'copper-bottomed' began to be used figuratively to refer to anything sure and trustworthy.

Cut and run is often thought to mean cutting an anchor line to make a quick getaway. Hard to imagine that many ship's masters enjoyed routinely losing an anchor or two. Hence, it is probably more likely referring to the practice of securing the sails of a square-rigged ship with rope yarns that could easily be cut away when a quick departure was necessary.

Cut off one's jib - warships often had their foresails or jib sails cut thinly so they could maintain point and not be blown off course. Upon sighting thin foresails on an alien ship, a captain might not like the cut of his jib and would then have an opportunity to escape.

Deliver a broadside - the simultaneous firing of the guns and canons on one side of a warship. Quite a blow, as can be imagined. Today it means much the same type of all-out attack, though done (usually) with words.

Devil to pay - Originally, this expression described one of the unpleasant tasks aboard a wooden ship. The devil was the ship's longest seam in the hull. Caulking was done with pay or pitch (a kind of tar). The task of 'paying the devil' (caulking the longest seam) by squatting in the bilges was one of the worst and most challenging jobs onboard. The term has come to mean a tough, seemingly impossible task. 'The devil to pay and no pitch hot. Landlubbers, having no seafaring knowledge, assumed it referred to satan and gave the term a moral interpretation.

Dressing down - Thin and worn sails were often treated with oil or wax to renew their effectiveness. This was called "dressing down". An officer or sailor who was reprimanded or scolded received a dressing down.

Dutch courage - Dated to the 1600s, Anglo-Dutch wars and likely British propaganda claimed that the Dutch troops were so cowardly they wouldn't fight unless fortified with copious amounts of schnapps. The term has come to mean false courage induced by drink or the drink itself.

Edging forward - This phrase describes inch-by-inch progress and was first used in the 17th century, typically in nautical contexts and referring to slow advance employing repeated small tacking movements.

Even keel - A vessel that floats upright without a list is said to be on an even keel, and this term has come to mean calm and steady. A keel is like a vessel's backbone, the lowest and principal centerline structural member running fore and aft. Keeled over (upside down) was a sailor's term for death.

Fall foul of/foul up - Foul is an often used nautical term, meaning entangled or impeded. An anchor tangled in line or cable is a foul anchor. A foul berth is caused by another vessel anchoring too close, wherein the risk of collision exists. A filthy bottom offers poor holding for anchors. 

Fathom - A nautical measure equal to six feet used to measure the depth of water at sea. The word was also used to describe taking action or "fathom" something. Today when one is trying to figure something out, they are trying to fathom it or get to the bottom of it.

Figurehead - An ornamental figure placed under the front of a ship. Originally a religious and protective emblem. The custom continued but for purely decorative purposes. Hence the term figurehead – a leader with no real power or function except to 'look good or appeal to a specific group.

Filibuster - Buccaneers were sometimes known in England as filibusters. From the Dutch for vrybuiter (freebooter) translated into French as flibustier. It is now used as a political term to delay or obstruct the passage of legislation (as opposed to sailing vessels) by non-stop speech-making.

First rate - Implies excellence. From the 16th century until steam-powered ships took over, British naval ships were rated as to the number of heavy cannons they carried. A vessel of 100 or more guns was a First Rate line-of-battle ship. The second rate had 90 to 98 guns; Third Rates 64 to 89 guns; the Fourth rate had 50 to 60 guns. Frigates carrying 20 to 48 guns were fifth and sixth rated.

Fits the bill - A Bill of Lading was signed by the ship's master acknowledging receipt of specified goods and the promise to deliver them to their destination in the same condition. The goods were checked against the bill upon delivery to see if all was in order. If so, they fit the bill.

Flotsam and jetsam - These are legal terms in maritime law. Flotsam is any part of the wreckage of a ship or its cargo that is lost by accident and found floating on the surface of the water. Jetsam is goods or equipment deliberately thrown overboard (jettisoned) to make the ship more stable in high winds or heavy seas. (Lagan is interested in cast overboard with a rope attached so they may be retrieved and sometimes refers to goods remaining inside a sunken ship or lying on the bottom.) Flotsam and jetsam shore-side mean odds and ends of no great value.

Footloose - The bottom portion of a sail is called the foot. If it is not secured, it is footloose and dances randomly in the wind.

From stem to stern - From the front of a ship to the back. Now describes something in its entirety.

Flying colours - To come through a battle with flying colours means a ship has come through relatively unscathed and with her colours (flag) flying.

Get underway - 'Way' here doesn't mean road or route but has the specifically nautical meaning of 'the forward progress of a ship through the water or the wake the boat leaves behind. A way has been used like that since at least the 17th century.

Give a wide berth - To anchor a ship far enough away from another boat, so they do not hit each other when they swing with the wind or tide.

Go overboard - The nautical origin of this one should be pretty self-evident.

Gripe - A sailing vessel gripes when, by poor design or imbalance of sail, it tends to end up with its bow into the wind when sailing close-hauled. The sails flap around, forward progress is halted, and she is tough to steer. On land, the term means to complain, complain, complain.

Groggy - In 1740, British Admiral Vernon (whose nickname was "Old Grogram" for the cloak of grogram which he wore) ordered that the sailors' daily ration of rum be diluted with water. The men called the mixture "grog". A sailor who drank too much grog was "groggy".

Groundswell - A sudden rise of water along the shore. It often happens when the weather is fine, and the sea behind it appears calm. Said to occur when undulating water from a far away storm reaches the shoreline, where friction causes the swell. In everyday use, the term groundswell means a growing change in public opinion.

Hand over fist - Hand over hand was a British term for moving quickly up a rope or hoisting a sail, which was a matter of pride and competition among sailors. It is thought that American sailors changed this term to hand over fist, which now means to advance or accumulate rapidly.

Hard and fast - A ship that was hard and fast was simply one that was firmly beached on land. Has come to mean rigidly adhered to – without doubt or debate".

Hard-up - Hard is another often used nautical term. To put the helm hard over is to put it as far as it will go in that direction. Hard and fast describes a vessel firmly aground, unable to make progress, and has come ashore to mean rigid." 

Hard up in a clinch and no knife to cut the seizin", the term from which hard up derives, was the sailor's way of saying he had been overtaken by misfortune and saw no way of getting clear of it. Shore-side, the term means in need.

Haze - Long before fraternal organisations, hazing was the practice of keeping the crew working all hours of the day or night, whether necessary or not, to deprive them of sleep and to make them generally miserable. In the 19th century, many captains used this practice to assert their authority. Hazing has come to mean the initiation of a newcomer to a group by humiliating and harassing them, thereby affirming the group's authority.

High and dry - This term originally referred to ships that were beached. The''dry" implies that not only were they out of the water but had been for some time and could be expected to remain so.

Hot chase - A principle of naval warfare, though without basis in law, that allowed a fleeing enemy to be followed into neutral waters and captured there if the chase had begun in international waters. The term hot pursuit derives from this principle".

Hulk/hulking - A large and unwieldy ship of simple construction and dubious seaworthiness. On shore, it means big and clumsy.

In the offing - This phrase is quite simple to understand once you know that "the offin" is the part of the sea that can be seen from land, excluding parts near the shore. Early texts also refer to it as "offe" or "offin". A ship about to arrive was "in the offin", therefore imminent, which is how the phrase is used today.

Idle/idler - Idler was the name for those members of a ship's crew that did not stand night watch because of their work. Carpenters, sailmakers, cooks, etcetera worked during the day and were excused from night-watch duty. They were called idlers, but not because they had nothing to do, simply because they were off duty at night.

Junk - Old rope no longer able to take a load. It was cut into shorter lengths and used to make mops and mats. Land-side, junk is all that stuff in your garage you know you'll need right after you throw it away.

Jury rig - A temporary repair to keep a disabled ship sailing until it could make port, such as a jury sail erected when the mast was lost or a jury rudder as an emergency means of steering when the ship's rudder was damaged.

Keel hauling - A severe naval punishment during the 15th and 16th centuries. The victim, presumably a delinquent sailor, was dragged from one side of the boat to the other, under the bottom of the ship (keel). Tossed over one side and pulled up on the other, he was usually allowed to catch his breath before suddenly being thrown overboard again. Keel hauling lost favour at the beginning of the 18th century, to be replaced by the cat-o-nine-tails. The term still means a rough reprimand.

Know the ropes - This is pretty obvious if you've ever seen a tall ship. It was such an essential skill on sailing vessels that an honourable discharge from service was marked with the term "knows the ropes" at one time. Landside still means a person with experience and skill. Also, learn the ropes and show them the ropes.

Leeway - The weather side of a ship is the side from which the wind is blowing. The Lee side is the side of the ship sheltered from the wind. A lee shore is a shore that is downwind of a ship. If a vessel does not have enough "leeway", it is in danger of being driven onto the beach.

Listless - When a ship was listless, she sat still and upright in the water, with no wind to make her lean over (list) and drive ahead.

Long haul - Operation on the ship requires a lot of line hauling. She was also seen in short-haul, an operation requiring little line.

Long shot - In old warships, the muzzle-loading cannon were charged with black powder of uncertain potency that would propel the iron shot an equally uncertain distance with questionable accuracy. A 24-pounder long gun, for instance, was considered to have a maximum effective range of 1200 yards, even though, under the right conditions, a ball might travel some 3000 yards. 

A short, stubby 32-pounder carronade's lethality faded fast beyond 400 yards. Thus, the odds were against a hit when one fired a long shot.

Loose cannon - A cannon loose on a pitching, rolling, and yawing deck could cause severe injury and damage. It has come to mean an unpredictable or uncontrolled person likely to cause unintentional harm.

Mainstay - A stay that extends from the maintop to the foot of the foremast of a sailing ship. Currently, a thing upon which something is based or depends.

No room to swing a cat - The entire ship's company was required to witness flogging at close hand. The crew might crowd around so that the bosun's Mate might not have enough room to swing his cat" nine tails.

On your ends - The beams are the horizontal transverse timbers of ships. This phrase came about with the allusion to the danger of imminent capsize if the ends were touching the water. Currently, it means to be in a bad situation".

Over the barrel - Flogging was the most common method of punishment aboard the ship. The unfortunate sailor was tied to a grating, mast or over the barrel of a deck cannon.

Overbearing - To sail downwind directly at another ship, thus "stealing" or diverting the wind from his sails.

Overhaul - To prevent the buntline ropes from chaffing the sails, the crew were sent aloft to haul them over the sails. This was called overhauling.

Overreach - If a ship holds a tack course too long, it has overreached its turning point, and the distance it must travel to reach its subsequent tack point increases.

Overwhelm - Old English for capsize or founder.

Pipe down - A boatswain's call was denoting the completion of an all-hands evolution, and that you can go below. It was the last signal from the bosun's pipe each day which meant "lights out" and "silence".

Pooped - A sailing ship's rearmost, highest deck was called the poop deck. If a ship were unlucky enough to be overtaken by a massive, breaking sea which drenched her from astern, she was said to have been"  "pooped" When you think about it, the sea and shore use of the word isn't that different: in both cases, you're washed out.

Press into service - The British navy filled their ships' crew quotas by kidnapping men off the streets and forcing them into service. This was called Impressment and was done by Press Gangs.

Scuttlebutt - A butt was a barrel. Scuttle meant to chop a hole in something. The scuttlebutt was a water barrel with a hole so sailors could reach in and dip out drinking water. The scuttlebutt was the place where the ship's gossip was exchanged.

Ship-shape and Bristol fashion - A reference to the precise nature of shipbuilding (and maintenance) and the exemplary work that came from Bristol shipyards.

Shiver me timbers - one meaning of shiver, which is now largely forgotten, is to break into pieces. That meaning originated as early as the 14th century and is recorded in several Old English texts. So, the sailor's oath shivers my timbers, is synonymous with "let my boat break into pieces".

Skyscraper - A small triangular sail set above the skysail to maximise effect in a light wind.

Slush fund - A slushy fat slurry was obtained by boiling or scraping the empty salted meat storage barrels. This stuff called "slush" was often sold ashore by the ship's cook to benefit himself or the crew. The money so derived became known as a slush fund.

Son of a gun - When in port and with the crew restricted to the ship for extended periods, wives and ladies of easy virtue often were allowed to live aboard along with the staff. Infrequently, but not uncommonly, children were born aboard, and a convenient place for this was between guns on the gun deck. If the child's father was unknown, they were entered in the ship's log as "son of a gun". Probably a sanitised version of "son of a bitch”, despite the various folk etymologies.

A square meal - In good weather, the crew's mess was a warm meal served on square wooden platters.

Squared away - On square-rigged vessels, the state of the sails when adequately trimmed. Currently, arranged or dealt with satisfactorily.

Taken aback - A dangerous situation where the wind is on the wrong side of the sails pressing them back against the mast and forcing the ship astern. This was often caused by an inattentive helmsman who had allowed the boat to head up into the wind.

Taking the wind out of his sails - Sailing to steal or divert wind from another ship's sails.

Taking turns - Changing watches with the turn of the hourglass.

Three sheets to the wind - A sheet is a rope line which controls the tension on the downwind side of a square sail. If the sheets of the three lower course sails are loose on a three-masted fully rigged ship, the sails will flap and flutter and are said to be "in the win". A boat in this condition would stagger and wander downwind.

Tide over - At first glance, this would seem to be a nautical term. Today it means to make a tiny bit of something, usually money, last until a supply comes in, as in borrowing some money to tide you over till payday. However, the meaning has changed over the years. 

A while ago, ships could move under sail power or, in the absence of wind, float along with the tide called a tide over. One could say the floating would tide the ship over until the wind came again to move it along.

Toe the line - When called to line up at attention, the ship's crew would form up with their toes touching a seam in the deck planking.

True colours - The current meaning," to reveal yourself as you are," came about because of the opposite phrase "false colour" – from the 17th century, referring to a vessel that sailed under a flag, not her own. Almost everyone used this tactic as a ruse de guerre. Still, the rules of gentlemanly behaviour (and possibly actual legal rules) required one to raise one's true colours before opening fire on another ship.

Try a different tack - The direction in which a ship move is determined by the position of its sails and the direction of the wind. If one path didn't bring the boat up properly, one could always attempt another.

Turn a blind eye - From Admiral Lord Nelson's incredible display of badassery at the Battle of Copenhagen. When the signal was given to stop fighting, Nelson held his spyglass to his blind eye and insisted he didn't see the sign. He then proceeded to kick butt, of course.

Under the weather - Keeping watch onboard sailing ships was dull and tedious, but the worst watch station was on the "weather" (windward) side of the bow. The sailor assigned to this station was subject to the constant pitching and rolling of the ship. By the end of his watch, he would be soaked from the waves crashing over the bow. A sailor assigned to this unpleasant duty was said to be "under the weather" Sometimes, these men fell ill and died due to the assignment, which is why today ", under the weather" refers to someone suffering from an illness. A related theory claims that ill sailors were sent below deck (or "under the weather ") if they felt sick.

Warning shot across the bow - From the literal practice of firing a warning shot across another ship's bow to encourage the captain to strike without engaging.

Windfall - A sudden unexpected rush of wind from a mountainous shore which allowed a ship more leeway.