What Is The Main Purpose Of Leaves – 2 Introduction Plants have different structures that help them survive in different environments. In this presentation, we will look at adaptations in Plant structure, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants in different environments. We will compare the structure and function of plant parts from the following environments: desert, wetland, forest, and tundra.

3 Desert – Definition A desert is a region with extremely low precipitation (rain or snow) that is insufficient to support the growth of most plants. Plants lose a lot of moisture through a process called transpiration. (Like how a person loses water through sweating.) Deserts can be hot or cold. Microsoft. (Designer). (2010). Joshua trees in the Mojave Desert [Web graphic]. Received from

What Is The Main Purpose Of Leaves

Wetlands are the area between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Wetlands include bogs, marshes, and bogs. Although there are many different types of wetlands, they share three physical characteristics. Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Wetlands [print]

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Water – wetlands are covered by shallow water at least part of the year. Soil – often there is little or no oxygen in the soil. Plants. Wetlands are a habitat for “water-loving” aquatic plants (hydrophytes). These plants are adapted to live in saturated (really waterlogged) soil all or part of the year.

6 Tundra – Definition The word “tundra” usually refers only to those areas where the subsoil is permanently frozen (permafrost). Plants in this environment include shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses, and lichens. Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Tundra [print]

There will usually be an upper tree layer (crown) and an understory. Other plants such as bushes, vines, flowers and mosses are found in forests. Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Forest [print] Forests can include tropical forests, boreal forests, and coniferous forests.

Absorbing water and nutrients (nutrition) Attaching the plant to the ground Storing food and nutrients To prevent soil erosion Anchor roots are the large roots on all sides of a broad-based or shallow-rooted tree. Photo courtesy of CostaRicaDailyPhoto.com, copyright David Selden

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Some desert plants have long taproots that reach down to the water table, if it exists. Some desert plants have adapted to the weather by having broad roots to absorb water from a larger area of ​​land. Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Roots [print]

Emergent – rooted in the soil, but parts of the plant extend above the water. Submerged – the entire plant lives under water. Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Pond plants [print]

Floating – leaves float on the surface while roots hang in the water or are planted in the soil Littoral – found along the edges of wetlands or other bodies of water Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Plants [print]

Arctic tundra plants (vegetation) do not have deep root systems. Many plants have roots (rhizoids) instead of roots. Photo courtesy of 123rf.com

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13 Stems A stem is the part of a plant that usually grows above the ground and holds the leaves. The stem has four main functions: Supports and elevates the plant, leaves, flowers and fruit Transports fluid between roots and shoots Stores nutrients Forms new living tissue

Some plants have stems that wrap around other plants or structures. This provides a way to support the plant as it grows. Wiki commons (photographer) (2010) Prickly Plants; vines [print]

15 Stems The stems of many desert plants have a “waxy” appearance. Some desert plants store water in their leaves, roots, and stems. The stems of tundra plants are often very short. In this environment, plants grow close to the ground. Tundra plants do not have woody stems. Photo credit: Lichen A tree covered in lichen, Tresco, 29 October 2007 by Michael Maggs.

17 Leaves The shape and structure of leaves vary considerably from plant to plant. The Main Purpose of leaves is food (energy) production. Another purpose of leaves is to obtain carbon dioxide from the air (atmosphere) to produce sugar and release oxygen. Students do not need to know the process of photosynthesis. The illustration is here for information and to create a background knowledge. At09kg (Photographer) (2011) Photosynthesis [print]

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Desert plants often have small spiny leaves. They are designed to reduce water loss in the plant. Microsoft. (Designer). (2010). Cactus [Web graphic]. Received from

Some trees have broad leaves that absorb water and sunlight. Some trees have “needles” instead of leaves. The shape of the needles and the wax coating help the plant conserve water during cold winters and hot climates. Wiki Commons (Photographer) (2012). Leaves [Print].

Tundra plants have very tiny leaves. Usually there are many leaves on one stem. Sometimes the leaves appear “woolly”. Wiki Commons (Photographer) (2012). Tundra plants [Print]. Venegas, A. (Photographer) (2012). Tundra plants [Print].

Leaves are usually round and flat or long and thin. Flat leaves float on the surface. Thin leaves move easily during the flow of water. Microsoft. (Designer). (2010). Pond plants [Web graphic]. Received from

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22 Special structures… Carnivorous plants are specially adapted to life in nutrient-poor swamps (swamps and bogs). They have a structure that allows the plant to capture and digest insects. Insects provide essential nutrients that they cannot obtain from the soil. Venegas, A. (Photographer) (2010) Venus Flytrap, Glasgow Botanic Gardens [print] Wiki Media (Photographer) (2012) Carnivorous Plants [print]

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Leaf, in botany, any usually flattened green outgrowth of the stem of a vascular plant. As the primary site of photosynthesis, leaves produce food for plants, which in turn feed and sustain all land animals. Botanically, leaves are an integral part of the stem system. They are attached by a continuous vascular system to the rest of the plant so that nutrients, water, and the end products of photosynthesis (especially oxygen and carbohydrates) can be freely exchanged between its various parts. Leaves begin in the apical bud (growing tip of the stem) along with the tissues of the stem itself. Some organs, which in appearance are very different from the ordinary green leaf, are formed in the same way, and are actually modified leaves; among them are sharp thorns of cacti, needles of pines and other conifers, scales of asparagus stalks or lily bulbs.

The main function of a leaf is to produce food for the plant through photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their characteristic green color, absorbs light energy. The internal structure of the leaf is protected by the epidermis of the leaf, which is continuous with the epidermis of the stem. The central leaf, or mesophyll, consists of soft-walled, unspecialized cells of a type known as parenchyma. About one-fifth of the mesophyll consists of chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts, which absorb sunlight and, together with certain enzymes, use the energy of radiation to break down water into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen released from green leaves replaces oxygen removed from the atmosphere by plant and animal respiration and combustion. Hydrogen obtained from water combines with carbon dioxide in the enzymatic processes of photosynthesis to form sugars, which are the basis of plant and animal life. Oxygen enters the atmosphere through stomata — pores on the surface of the leaf.

As a rule, a leaf consists of a wide expanded plate (lamella), attached to the stem of the plant by a stem-like petiole. In angiosperms, leaves usually have a pair of structures known as stipules that are located on either side of the base of the leaf and may resemble scales, spines, glands, or leaf-like structures. Leaves, however, are quite variable in size, shape, and various other characteristics, including the nature of the blade margin and the type of venation (arrangement of veins). If only one blade is inserted directly on the petiole, the leaf is called simple. The edges of simple leaves can be whole and smooth, or they can be different parts. The coarse teeth of the serrated edges protrude at a right angle, while the teeth of the serrated edges are directed towards the apex of the leaf. Serrated edges have rounded teeth or scalloped edges. The leaf margins of simple leaves can be lobed in one of two patterns, pinnate or pinnate. On the pinnate-lobed edges, the leaf plate (lamina) is equally deeply incised along each side of the middle vein (as in white oak,

), and on the finger-lobed edges the plate is incised along several large veins (as in red maple,

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