Bones In Human Body And Their Functions – Bone is a connective tissue, or osseous tissue, which is the endoskeleton. It contains specialized cells and a matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers.

The mineral salts mainly include hydroxyapatite, a mineral formed from calcium phosphate. Calcification is a process of mineral salt deposition on the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue. The calcification process only occurs in the presence of collagen fibers.

Bones In Human Body And Their Functions

The bones of the human skeleton are classified according to their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, sutural bones, sesamoid bones, and irregular bones (Figure 1).

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Figure 2. The long bone is covered with articular cartilage at both ends and contains bone marrow (shown in yellow in this diagram) in the bone marrow cavity.

Long bones are longer than they are wide and have a shaft and two ends. Bone marrow is contained in a marrow cavity in the diaphysis, or central shaft. The rounded ends, the epiphyses, are covered with articular cartilage and filled with red marrow, which produces blood cells (Figure 2). Most limb bones are long bones – for example, the femur, tibia, ulna and radius. Exceptions to this include the patella and the bones of the hand and ankle.

Short bones, or cuboid bones, are bones that are the same width and length, giving them a cubic shape. For example, the bones of the hand (carpals) and the ankle (tarsal) are short bones (Figure 1).

Blunt bones are thin and relatively wide bones found where extensive protection of organs is required or when extensive surfaces of muscle attachment are required. Examples of flat bones are the sternum (breastbone), ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades), and the roof of the skull (Figure 1).

Types Of Bones In The Human Body: Skeletal System Labeled Diagram And Examples — Ezmed

Irregular bones are bones with complex shapes. These bones may have short, flat, pointed or ridged surfaces. Examples of irregular bones are the vertebrae, hip bones, and some skull bones.

Sesamoid bones are small, flat bones and are shaped similarly to a sesame seed. The patellae are sesamoid bones. Sesamoid bones develop inside the tendons and may be found near the joints at the knees, hands and feet (see Figure 3).

Sutural bones are small, flat, irregular bones. They can be found between the flat bones of the skull. They vary in number, shape, size, and location. The skeletal system includes all the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body that support and give shape to the body and body structures. The skeleton consists of the bones of the body. For adults, there are 206 bones in the skeleton. Younger people have a higher number of bones because some bones come together during childhood and adolescence to form adult bone. The main functions of the skeleton are to provide a rigid internal structure that can support the body’s weight against the force of gravity, and to provide a structure on which muscles can act to produce body movements. The lower part of the skeleton is specialized for stability during walking or running. In contrast, the upper skeleton has greater mobility and ranges of motion, features that allow you to lift and carry objects or turn your head and trunk.

As well as providing for the support and movements of the body, the skeleton has protective and storage functions. It protects the internal organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and pelvic organs. The bones of the skeleton act as the main storage site for important minerals such as calcium and phosphate. The marrow found inside bones stores fat and maintains body tissue that produces blood cells.

The Functions Of The Skeletal System

The skeleton is subdivided into two main regions – the axial and the appendicular. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all the bones of the head, neck, chest and back. It acts to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs. It also serves as an attachment site for the muscles that move the head, neck and back, and for the muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.

The adult axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, and sternum. The skull is made up of 22 bones. There are also seven additional bones associated with the skull, including the tibia and the ear openings (three small bones found in each middle ear). The vertebral column consists of 24 bones, each called a vertebra, as well as the sacrum and coccyx. The thoracic cage includes the 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum, the flattened bone of the anterior chest.

The appendicular skeleton includes all the bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that connect each limb of the axial skeleton. There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult. The bones of the appendicular skeleton are covered in a separate section.

Figure 1. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton. The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton is made up of all the bones of the upper and lower limbs. Bones can be classified in more than one way. It is important to understand the terms used to avoid confusion.

Skeletal System 1: The Anatomy And Physiology Of Bones

Each long bone has an elongated shaft or diaphysis and two extended ends (epiphyses) that are smooth and articular. The shaft usually has 3 surfaces separated by 3 borders, a central median cavity, and a nutrient foramen directed away from the growing end. Examples of typical long bones are humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Their shape is usually cuboid, cuneiform, trapezoid, or scaphoid. Carpal and tarsal bones in the wrist and foot are examples of short bones.

Blunt bones are like shallow plates and form the boundaries of certain body cavities. Examples: bone in the dome of the skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula.

Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces lined with epithelium. Maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, etc. are examples of pneumatic bones. they make the head light in weight, help the resonance of the voice, and act as air conditioning chambers for inspired air.

Bone Health: Differences In Men And Women

These types of bones ossify in the membrane (intramembranous or mesenchymal ossification) and are therefore derived from mesenchymal consolidations. Examples: the bones of the dome of the skull and the bones of the face.

A defect in membranous ossification causes a rare syndrome called cleidocranial dysostosis. It is characterized by three cardinal features:

These types of bones ossify in cartilage (intracartilaginous or endochondral ossification), so they are derived from cartilaginous models. Examples: limb bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

A defect in endochondral ossification causes a common type of dwarfism called achondroplasia, in which the limbs are short, but the trunk is normal. It is transmitted as a Mendelian dominant character.

Bones In The Leg

A typical example of cortical bone is the bone shaft in a long bone such as a femur.

The cortex, or outer shell, of most bones is cortical bone. It is much denser than cancellous bone, harder, stronger and tougher. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of the human skeleton.

Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff.

It usually occurs at the ends of long bones, near the joints and within the inside of vertebrae.

How Many Bones Are In The Human Body?

Cancellous bone is highly vascular and often contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs.

These are bony nodules embedded in the tendons or joint capsules. They have no periosteum and ossify after birth. They are associated with an articular or nonarticular bony surface, and the contact surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage and lubricated with a bursa or synovial membrane.

Patella, also known as the kneecap is the largest sesamoid bone. Another example is pisiform, carpal bone.

These are not always present. They may occur as ununited epiphyses developed from additional centers of ossification. Examples: sutural bones, os trigonum, os vesalianum, etc. In medical practice, accessory bones may be mistaken for fractures. However, these are often bilateral and have smooth surfaces with no callus.

Skeletal Major Bones In The Human Body (3) Diagram

Arun Pal Singh, the founder and editor-in-chief of this website, is an orthopedic and trauma surgeon. He works in Kanwar Bone and Spine Clinic, Dasuya, Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

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The Human Body

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