Pictures Of Kidneys In The Human Body – Kidneys are the body’s waste removal system. About 1/3 of the Blood that leaves the heart goes to the kidneys to be filtered before flowing to the rest of the body’s tissues. While a person can live with only one functioning kidney, our kidneys are vital organs. Loss of both kidneys leads to rapid accumulation of waste products and death within days.
The kidneys are a pair of organs found along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. The left kidney is slightly superior to the right kidney due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body. Unlike other abdominal organs, the kidneys are located behind the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity and are therefore considered retroperitoneal organs. Ribs and back muscles protect the kidneys from external damage. Adipose tissue known as perirenal fat surrounds the kidneys and acts as a protective layer.
Pictures Of Kidneys In The Human Body
Kidneys are bean-shaped, with the convex side of each organ on the side and the concave side on the inside. A depression on the concave side of the kidney, known as the renal hilus, provides space for the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter to enter the kidney.
Solitary Or Single Functioning Kidney
A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue forms the renal capsule around each kidney. The kidney capsule forms a tough outer shell to maintain the shape of the soft tissues inside.
In the depth of the kidney capsule, the soft, dense and vascular cortex of the kidney is located. Seven cone-shaped kidney pyramids form the renal medulla deep in the renal cortex. Renal pyramids are located in such a way that their bases are outward towards the renal cortex and their apex is inward towards the center of the kidney.
Each tip is attached to a small calyx, a small hollow tube that collects urine. The small calyces fuse to form 3 larger calyces, which further fuse to form the hollow renal pelvis in the center of the kidney. The renal pelvis drains from the renal hilus, where urine drains into the ureter.
Each kidney contains about 1 million individual nephrons, the microscopic functional units of the kidney that filter blood to produce urine. Nephron consists of 2 main parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
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Our kidney cells, which are responsible for filtering the blood, are formed by the glomerular capillaries and the glomerular capsule (also known as Bowman’s capsule). Glomerulus is a network of capillaries that increases the level of blood in contact with the walls of blood vessels. Surrounding the glomerulus is the glomerular capsule, a cupped double layer of simple squamous epithelium with empty spaces between the layers. Specialized epithelial cells known as podocytes form the layer of the glomerular capsule that surrounds the glomerular capillaries. Podocytes work with the capillary endothelium to form a thin filter to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. The outer layer of the glomerular capsule keeps the urine separate from the blood inside the capsule. At the end of the glomerular capsule, in front of the glomerulus, is the opening of the renal tubule.
A set of tubes called renal tubules concentrates the urine and recovers non-waste solutes from the urine. The renal tubule carries urine from the glomerular capsule to the renal pelvis.
The main function of the kidneys is to excrete waste products resulting from protein metabolism and muscle contraction. The liver metabolizes dietary proteins for energy and produces toxic ammonia as a waste product. The liver is able to convert most of this ammonia into uric acid and urea, which are less toxic to the body. Meanwhile, our body’s muscles use creatine as an energy source and in the process produce the waste product creatinine. Ammonia, uric acid, urea and creatinine accumulate in the body over time and must be removed from the blood circulation to maintain homeostasis.
The glomeruli in the kidneys filter all four waste products from the bloodstream, allowing us to excrete them from our bodies through urine. About 50% of the urea in the blood is reabsorbed by the cells of the nephron tube and returns to the blood source. Blood urea helps concentrate other more toxic waste products in the urine by maintaining the osmotic balance between urine and blood in the renal medulla.
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Kidneys are able to control the volume of water in the body by changing water reabsorption by nephron tubules. Under normal conditions, the tubular cells of the nephron tubules reabsorb (by osmosis) almost all of the water filtered into the urine by the glomerulus.
Reabsorption of water leads to thickening of urine and retention of water in the body. The hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone both increase water reabsorption until approximately 100% of the water filtered by the nephron is returned to the blood. ADH stimulates the formation of water channel proteins in the collecting ducts of the nephrons, which allow water to pass from the urine into the tubular cells and blood. Aldosterone works by increasing the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions, causing more water to enter the blood through osmosis.
When there is too much water in the blood, our heart secretes the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to increase the excretion of Na+ and Cl- ions. An increase in the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the urine draws water into the urine through osmosis and increases the volume of urine produced.
Kidneys regulate the blood pH level by controlling the excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). Hydrogen ions accumulate when proteins are metabolized in the liver and carbon dioxide in the blood reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that partially dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. Both ions are filtered from the blood in the glomerulus of the kidney, but the tubular cells lining the nephron selectively reabsorb the bicarbonate ions while leaving the hydrogen ions as a waste product in the urine. Tubular cells may also actively secrete excess hydrogen ions into the urine, making the blood more acidic.
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The reabsorbed bicarbonate ions enter the bloodstream and can neutralize the hydrogen ions by forming new carbonic acid molecules. Carbonic acid breaks down into carbon dioxide and water as it passes through the capillaries of the lungs, allowing us to exhale the carbon dioxide.
Kidneys help to control blood pressure in the body by regulating the excretion of sodium ions and water and by producing renin enzyme. Since blood is made up mostly of water, an increase in the volume of water in the body leads to an increase in the volume of blood in the blood vessels. Increased blood volume means the heart has to pump harder than usual to push blood into vessels that are filled with extra blood. Therefore, an increase in blood volume leads to an increase in blood pressure. On the other hand, when the body is dehydrated, blood volume and blood pressure decrease.
The kidneys can control blood pressure by reabsorbing water to maintain blood pressure or by allowing more water than usual into the urine, thereby reducing volume and blood pressure. Sodium ions in the body help manage the body’s osmotic pressure by drawing water to areas of high sodium concentration. To lower blood pressure, the kidneys can excrete excess sodium ions that draw water out of the body. Conversely, the kidneys may reabsorb excess sodium ions to help retain water in the body.
Finally, the kidneys produce the enzyme renin to prevent the body’s blood pressure from lowering too much. The kidneys rely on a certain amount of blood pressure to push blood plasma through the glomerular capillaries. If blood pressure drops too low, kidney cells release renin into the blood. Renin initiates a complex process that leads to the secretion of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone stimulates kidney cells to increase sodium and water reabsorption to maintain volume and blood pressure. Most people have two kidneys, organs located in the back of your abdomen. The main function of your kidney is to filter the blood. They also remove waste and balance your body’s fluids. Common kidney diseases include kidney disease, kidney infection and kidney cyst.
Anatomy Of Female Kidney In A Healthy Bo…
Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter your blood. Your kidneys are part of your urinary system.
Your kidneys filter about 200 liters of fluid per day, which is enough to fill a large bathtub. During this process, your kidneys remove waste products from your body in the form of urine. Most people urinate about two liters a day. Your body reuses another 198 liters of fluid.
Your kidneys also help balance body fluids (mainly water) and electrolytes. Electrolytes are essential minerals that include sodium and potassium.
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