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Describe The Role Of Oxygen In Aerobic Respiration
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Cellular Respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with food molecules, convert the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities, and discard them as waste, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not rely on oxygen degrade food through a process called fermentation. (For long-term treatment of all aspects of Cellular Respiration,
One of the goals of food degradation is to convert the energy contained in chemical bonds into the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which captures the chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it for use by other cellular processes. In eukaryotic cells (that is, any cell or organism with a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles), the enzymes that catalyze the various steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized rod-shaped compartments called mitochondria. In microorganisms, enzymes exist as components of cell membranes. A liver cell has approximately 1,000 mitochondria; some large vertebrate egg cells have as many as 200,000.
Biologists disagree somewhat on the name, description, and number of stages of cellular respiration. However, the entire process can be divided into three main metabolic stages or steps: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (respiratory chain phosphorylation).
Glycolysis (also called the glycolytic pathway or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) is a series of 10 chemical reactions that occur in most cells that break down a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvate). During glycolysis, the energy released when glucose and other organic fuel molecules in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down is captured and stored in ATP. In addition, the compound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
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). The pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis then enter the mitochondria, where they are each converted into a compound called acetyl-CoA, which then enters the TCA cycle. (Some sources consider the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA to be a distinct step in the cellular respiration process known as pyruvate oxidation or transition reaction.)
The TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) plays a central role in the breakdown, or catabolism, of organic fuel molecules. The cycle consists of eight steps, catalyzed by eight different enzymes that produce energy at several different stages. However, most of the energy gained from the TCA cycle is captured by the NAD compound
And flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which is subsequently converted into ATP. The product of a single TCA cycle consists of three NADs
) to the same number of NADH molecules and one FAD molecule, which is also reduced to a single FADH
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Molecular. These molecules continue to fuel the third phase of cellular respiration, while carbon dioxide, also produced by the TCA cycle, is released as a waste product.
Providing a pair of electrons, through the action of a series of iron-containing heme proteins (cytochromes), finally reduces an oxygen atom to form water. In 1951, it was discovered that the transfer of a pair of electrons to oxygen forms three molecules of ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the primary mechanism by which large amounts of energy in food are conserved and delivered to cells. A series of steps in the flow of electrons to oxygen causes the electrons’ energy to gradually decrease. This part of the oxidative phosphorylation stage is sometimes called the electron transport chain. Some descriptions of cellular respiration that focus on the importance of the electron transport chain have changed the name of the oxidative phosphorylation stage to electron transport chain. Definition: A series of metabolic processes that occur within cells in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic matter (e.g., glucose) and then stored in energy-carrying biomolecules (e.g., ATP) for use in the cell’s energy-demanding activities.
. Biochemical energy is obtained from organic substances (such as glucose, a six-carbon molecule) and then stored in energy-carrying biomolecules (such as adenosine triphosphate or ATP) for use in the energy-demanding activities of the cell. The main function of cellular respiration is to break down glucose to form energy.
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Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes that occur within cells in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic matter (e.g., glucose) and then stored in energy-carrying biomolecules (e.g., ATP) for use in the cell’s energy-demanding activities. cell.
In prokaryotic cells it proceeds in the cytoplasm, in eukaryotic cells it starts in the cytoplasm and then proceeds in the mitochondria. In eukaryotes, the 4 stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, transition reactions (pyruvate oxidation), the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and
When the final electron acceptor is not oxygen, it is described as anaerobic. The anaerobic type of respiration is primarily performed by anaerobic organisms, such as anaerobic bacteria, which use certain molecules instead of oxygen as electron acceptors.
In another anaerobic process, such as fermentation, pyruvate is metabolized differently than in Aerobic Respiration.
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The pyruvate molecules produced are not transported into the mitochondria. Instead, they remain in the cytoplasm, where they can be converted into waste products and removed from the cell.
The main function of cellular respiration is the synthesis of biochemical energy. Cellular respiration is critical for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells because the biochemical energy produced fuels many metabolic processes such as biosynthesis, motility, and transport of molecules across membranes.
For specific products of cellular respiration: Skip to section – What are the products of cellular respiration? See the next section below for a diagram of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria. Figure 1 shows the location of the major biochemical reactions involved in cellular respiration.
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Figure 1. Cellular respiration diagram showing how this process produces ATP and other metabolites. Image source: Thoughtco.com
The energy produced by mitochondria is stored as potential energy in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. The main chemical produced by cellular respiration is ATP. ATP is the standard unit for storing energy released during respiration. Mitochondria can be thought of as “
“Because it plays an important role in cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain a variety of enzymes to help with this process.
And is permeable to molecules and ions (such as ATP). The inner membrane contains complexes involved in the electron transport chain stages of cellular respiration, which are described in more detail below.
Since The Aerobic Respiration Pathway Depends On Oxygen, Aerobic Organism
If cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. If it occurs in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are responsible for breaking down organic molecules (usually carbohydrates or fats). During these enzymatic reactions, a small amount of energy is directed into ATP molecules.
ATP is found in every living cell and redistributes energy where it is needed. ATP is dephosphorylated to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which releases energy. The structure of ATP is shown in Figure 2.
Oxygen is used for cellular respiration. It is a diatomic molecule (i.e. it consists of two oxygen molecules joined by a covalent bond) and is electronegative, meaning that it attracts the bonding pair of electrons. When it pulls electrons toward it, it releases energy from the chemical bond. The potential energy in our food combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO
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For example, the simple sugar glucose (the most basic form of carbohydrate) can combine with oxygen. High-energy electrons in glucose are transferred to oxygen and release potential energy. Energy is stored in the form of ATP. The final process of cellular respiration occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Instead of releasing all their energy at once, electrons move down the electron transport chain.
The energy is released in small pieces and used to form ATP. See below to learn more about the stages of cellular respiration, including the electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration can be written as a chemical equation. An example of an aerobic respiration equation is shown in Figure 3.
Most prokaryotes and eukaryotes utilize the process of aerobic respiration and perform aerobic respiration. As mentioned above, this is the process by which cells respire in the presence of oxygen.
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