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Picture Of Nervous System And Its Parts
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Central Nervous system, system of nervous tissue in vertebrates consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system controls both voluntary movements, such as those related to walking and speaking, and involuntary movements, such as breathing and reflex actions. It is also the center of emotion and cognition. It is one of the two main parts that make up the human nervous system, the other being the peripheral nervous system (the nerves that carry impulses to and from the central nervous system).
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes known as meninges, and both float in a crystal-clear cerebrospinal fluid. The central nervous system is largely located within the axial skeleton, in which the brain is enclosed in a bony vault, the neurocranium, while the cylindrical and elongated spinal cord is located in the vertebral canal, which is formed by successive vertebrae connected by dense ligaments. The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are protected by bone structures, membranes, and fluid. The brain is located in the cranial cavity of the skull and is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The nerves involved are the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, data integration, and motor output. Sensory information is when the body collects information or data, through Neurons, glia and synapses. The nervous system is made up of excitable nerve cells (neurons) and synapses that form between neurons and connect them to centers throughout the body or to other neurons. These neurons operate through excitation or inhibition, and although nerve cells can vary in size and location, their communication with each other determines their function. These nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. The data is then processed through data integration, which occurs only in the brain. Once the brain has processed the information, impulses are conducted from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, called motor output. Glial cells are found within tissues and are not excitable, but help with myelination, ionic regulation, and extracellular fluid.
The nervous system is made up of two main parts or subdivisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the “control center” of the body. The CNS has various centers located within it that carry out sensory, motor and data integration activity. These centers can be subdivided into lower centers (including the spinal cord and brainstem) and higher centers that communicate with the brain through effectors.
Central Nervous System (cns): Structure & Main Functions
The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves that are linked to the brain and spinal cord. It contains sensory receptors that help process changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. The PNS is then subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic has involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. The somatic has voluntary control of the skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. The two systems work together, with nerves from the PNS entering and becoming part of the CNS, and vice versa.
The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it plays a fundamental role in behavioral control.
When the central nervous system is damaged or peripheral nerves become trapped, a variety of impacts may occur. It can increase or decrease the functionality of your internal organs, it can even affect your facial expressions, i.e. make you frown a lot, your smile may become crooked, your lungs may work too much or not enough, lung capacity may increase or decrease, your bladder may fill but you cannot urinate, your intestines become sluggish and you cannot clean them completely with each bowel movement, the muscles in your arms, legs and torso may become weaker and oilier, not from lack of use, but from Nerves leading from the spine to them do not work properly, you may experience headaches, earaches, sore throats, and blocked sinuses. Even your ability to orgasm can be affected.
The CNS is conceived as a system dedicated to information processing, where an appropriate motor output is calculated in response to sensory input. Many strands of research suggest that motor activity exists long before the maturation of sensory systems, and that the senses only influence behavior without dictating it. This has brought about the conception of the CNS as an autonomous system.
Mammalian Nervous System (14.1.1)
Neurons are highly specialized in the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given the diversity of functions performed by neurons in different parts of the nervous system, there is, as expected, a wide variety in the shape, size, and electrochemical properties of neurons. For example, the soma of a neuron can vary in size from 4 to 100 micrometers in diameter.
The soma (cell body) is the central part of the neuron. It contains the nucleus of the cell and is therefore where most protein synthesis occurs. The nucleus has a diameter of 3 to 18 micrometers. The dendrites of a neuron are cellular extensions with many branches, and metaphorically, this overall shape and structure is called a dendritic tree. This is where most of the input to the neuron occurs. However, an outflow of information (i.e., from dendrites to other neurons) can also occur, except at the chemical synapse where impulse reflux is inhibited by the fact that the axons do not have chemoreceptors and the Dendrites cannot secrete chemical neurotransmitters. This explains the unidirectional conduction of the nervous impulse.
The axon is a thinner, cable-like projection that can extend in length tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma. The axon carries nerve signals away from the soma (and also carries some types of information into it). Many neurons have a single axon, but this axon can (and usually will) undergo extensive branching, allowing communication with many target cells.
The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the axonal hillock. In addition to being an anatomical structure, the axon hillock is also the part of the neuron that has the highest density of voltage-gated sodium channels. This makes it the most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone of the axon: in neurological terms, it has the highest hyperpolarized action potential threshold. Although the axon and axon hillock generally participate in the flow of information, this region can also receive information from other neurons.
Structures Of The Nervous System
The axon terminal is a specialized structure at the end of the axon that is used to release neurotransmitter chemicals and communicate with target neurons. Although the canonical view of the neuron attributes specific functions to its various anatomical components, dendrites and axons often act contrary to their so-called primary function.
Axons and dendrites in the central nervous system are typically only a micrometer thick, while some in the peripheral nervous system are much thicker. The soma is usually between 10 and 25 micrometers in diameter and is often not much larger than the cell nucleus it contains. The longest axon of a human motor neuron can be more than a meter long and extend from the base of the spine to the toes. Sensory neurons have axons that run from the toes to the dorsal columns, more than 1.5 meters in adults. Giraffes have individual axons several meters long that run throughout their necks. Much of what is known about axonal function comes from studying the giant squid axon, an ideal experimental preparation due to its relatively immense size (0.5 to 1 millimeter thick, several centimeters long).
Sensory afferent neurons transmit information from tissues and organs to the central nervous system. Efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons. Interneurons connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system. Afferent and efferent can also generally refer to neurons that, respectively, bring or send information from a region of the brain.
Excitatory neurons excite their target postsynaptic neurons or target cells causing them to function. Motor neurons and somatic neurons are all excitatory neurons. Excitatory neurons in the brain are usually glutamatergic. Spinal motor neurons, which synapse with muscle cells, use acetylcholine as their
Human Nervous System With Anatomy Anterior View Stock Illustration
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