What Effect Does Hiv Have On The Human Body – HIV Symptoms usually appear two to four weeks after exposure, but they can appear within days – or, for some people, not at all. Thinkstock
Signs and symptoms of HIV Infection (from the human immunodeficiency virus) can vary from person to person – and many people won’t know they’re infected until years after they’re first exposed to the virus.
What Effect Does Hiv Have On The Human Body
HIV infection is a progressive disease, meaning it usually gets worse over time. In the early stages, symptoms may be mild and easily mistaken for flu-like illnesses. However, as the disease progresses and breaks down the immune system, other, more serious symptoms may develop.
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Therefore, it is important to recognize the symptoms of HIV at different stages of infection. By doing this, you can get tested and start receiving HIV treatment, allowing you to live a healthy life.
“Even if you don’t have symptoms, early testing and treatment can lead to much better health and a near-normal life expectancy,” says Linda-Gail Baker, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of the Desmond Tutu HIV Center. in South Africa and former president of the International AIDS Society.
Here is a list of HIV symptoms along with the stages of infection where they are most likely to appear:
Known as acute retroviral syndrome or ARS, the acute phase occurs shortly after infection, when the immune system has not yet been able to control the virus. During this time, about two-thirds of people will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, while the rest will experience no symptoms at all, notes HIV.gov.
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Although these symptoms usually appear within two to four weeks of exposure, they can occur as early as three days. About 30 percent of people with ARS develop a pink to red rash, usually on the upper half of the Body. The rash will sometimes gradually transform into large, raised hives.
According to the National HIV Curriculum, led by the University of Washington, by the third or fourth week, the virus will begin to rapidly stop multiplying. Although some people may experience ARS symptoms for up to three months, most people will begin to feel better within two weeks, as the immune system gradually brings the infection under control.
Exception: A symptom called lymphadenopathy, sometimes painful swelling of lymph nodes in different parts of the body, such as the neck, armpits or groin. Even when other symptoms disappear, lymphadenopathy can persist for months or longer.
And in general, the lack of symptoms or apparent resolution of early-stage symptoms in some people does not mean that the HIV infection is gone, as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes: HIV is an ongoing condition that requires ongoing, regular treatment.
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The chronic phase of infection occurs when the immune system controls the virus. According to HIV.gov, during this stage, HIV will go into hiding, where it lies dormant in various cells and tissues of the body, known as latency. HIV latency can last for 10 years or more without symptoms, although some people may experience symptoms within a year or two.
In the early chronic stages, lymphadenopathy may be the only noticeable symptom of HIV infection. In some cases, the glands may be visibly enlarged and reach an inch or more in size. If the condition persists for more than three months, it’s called persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL), notes HIV.gov.
Even during latency, the virus inexplicably multiplies and slowly depletes immune cells known as CD4 T-cells. As the immune deficiency develops, a number of nonspecific symptoms may appear, including:
These symptoms are usually seen in immunocompromised individuals. Apart from thrush, they can in some cases be caused by HIV itself or an infection that has not yet been diagnosed.
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If left untreated, HIV will almost always lead to symptomatic disease. There is no timeline or pattern as to when this might happen. Generally speaking, the lower a person’s immune system (as measured by CD4 count), the higher the risk of certain illnesses, according to MedlinePlus. Medical experts refer to these illnesses as “opportunistic” because they only occur when a person’s immune system is weakened.
At a certain point, if still untreated, the depletion of CD4 T-cells can lead to a disease stage called AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This is when the most serious opportunistic infections occur. AIDS is officially defined as having a CD4 count below 200 or the presence of at least one of more than 25 AIDS-defining conditions, notes Statperls.
Symptoms of later stage HIV and AIDS include viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections as well as cancers such as invasive cervical cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These infections affect organs and other parts of the body, according to HIV.gov, including:
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HIV symptoms change as the infection progresses. Many people experience flu-like symptoms two to four weeks after contracting HIV. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an infection that affects approximately 1.2 million people in the United States.
The infection is very difficult to treat because the virus combines its genetic information with that of a type of white blood cell called CD4 cells. HIV can replicate without treatment, producing more than 10 billion new virus particles per day.
The replication cycle or life cycle of HIV can be divided into seven stages. HIV treatments include drugs that block one of the seven stages of the HIV life cycle.
In an actively infected cell, the entire life cycle lasts only 1 or 2 days. But some cells can be latently infected, meaning that HIV can remain in them for years without potentially producing new virus particles. At any time, these cells can become activated and start producing viruses.
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In this article, we break down what happens during each of the seven stages of the HIV life cycle and how drugs interrupt these processes.
During the first stage of HIV’s life cycle, the virus binds to receptors on the surface of CD4 cells. CD4 cells, also called helper T cells, are a type of white blood cell that warns other immune cells about infections in your body.
HIV is an enveloped virus, meaning that its genetic information is protected by both a protein shell and a lipid layer known as an envelope.
Once HIV binds to CD4 cell receptors, it uses a glycoprotein to initiate fusion of its envelope with the CD4 cell membrane.
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Reverse transcription is a process of converting genetic information into DNA in the form of RNA. RNA and DNA contain similar genetic information but are structurally different. RNA is usually made up of a long chain of genetic information, while DNA is made up of a double strand.
The virus converts its RNA into DNA by releasing an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This process allows the virus’s genetic information to enter the nucleus of your CD4 cells.
Once HIV has converted its RNA into DNA, it releases another enzyme called integrase inside the nucleus of your CD4 cells. The virus uses this enzyme to integrate its DNA into the DNA of your CD4 cells.
At this point, the infection is still considered latent and difficult to detect even with sensitive laboratory tests.
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Because HIV is now integrated into the DNA of your CD4 cells, it can use that cell’s machinery to make viral proteins. During this time, it can produce more genetic material (RNA). These two things allow it to produce more viral particles.
In the assembly phase, new HIV proteins and RNA are sent to the edge of your CD4 cells and become immature HIV. These viruses are non-infectious in their current form.
In the nascent phase, immature viruses are released from your CD4 cells. They then release an enzyme called protease that modifies the protein
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