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What Is The Primary Function Of Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with food molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances to life-sustaining activities and removing carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Organisms that do not rely on oxygen break down foods in a process called fermentation. (For longer treatments of various aspects of Cellular Respiration,
One purpose of food breakdown is to convert the energy in chemical bonds into the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which captures the chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. In eukaryotic cells (that is, any cells or organisms that possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles), the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in well-organized rod-shaped compartments called mitochondria. In microorganisms, enzymes occur as components of the cell membrane. A liver cell has about 1,000 mitochondria; large egg cells of some vertebrates have as many as 200,000.
Biologists differ somewhat in the names, descriptions, and number of stages of cellular respiration. However, the overall process can be divided into three major metabolic stages or steps: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (respiratory chain phosphorylation).
Glycolysis (also called the glycolytic pathway or the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) is a series of ten chemical reactions that occur in most cells and break down a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules (pyruvic acid). Energy released from the breakdown of glucose and other organic fuel molecules from carbohydrates, fats and proteins during glycolysis is captured and stored in ATP. In addition, the compound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
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). Pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis then enter the mitochondria, where each is converted into a compound known as acetyl coenzyme A, which then enters the TCA cycle. (Some sources consider the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A to be a separate step, called pyruvate oxidation or the transition reaction, in the process of cellular respiration.)
The TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle) plays a central role in the breakdown or catabolism of organic fuel molecules. The cycle consists of eight steps catalyzed by eight different enzymes that produce energy at different stages. However, most of the energy obtained from the TCA cycle is captured by the compounds NAD
And flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and later converted to ATP. The products of a single turn of the TCA cycle consist of three NAD
) to the same number of NADH molecules, and one FAD molecule, which is similarly reduced to a single FADH molecule
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Molecule. These molecules then fuel the third phase of cellular respiration, while carbon dioxide, which is also produced by the TCA cycle, is released as a waste product.
Provides a pair of electrons that – through the action of a series of iron-containing hemoproteins, the cytochromes – ultimately reduce one oxygen atom to form water. In 1951 it was discovered that the transfer of one pair of electrons to oxygen results in the formation of three molecules of ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the main mechanism by which the large amounts of energy in foods are retained and made available to the cell. The series of steps by which electrons flow to oxygen allows for a gradual reduction in the energy of the electrons. This part of the oxidative phosphorylation phase is sometimes called the electron transport chain. Some descriptions of cellular respiration that focus on the importance of the electron transport chain have changed the name of the oxidative phosphorylation stage to the electron transport chain. Definition: A series of metabolic processes that take place in a cell in which the biochemical energy is harvested from organic substance (e.g., glucose) and then stored in an energy-carrying biomolecule (e.g., ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell
. Biochemical energy is extracted from organic substances (e.g., glucose, a molecule with six carbon atoms) and then stored in energy-carrying biomolecules (e.g., adenosine triphosphate or ATP) for use in the cell’s energy-requiring activities. The main function of cellular respiration is to break down glucose to form energy.
Solution: Respiratory Physiology
Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell in which the biochemical energy is harvested from an organic substance (e.g., glucose) and then stored in an energy-carrying biomolecule (e.g., ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell. the cell.
In prokaryotic cells it is carried out in the cell cytoplasm, in eukaryotic cells it starts in the cytosol and then in the mitochondria. In eukaryotes, the four stages of cellular respiration include: glycolysis, transition reaction (pyruvate oxidation), the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation via the
When the final electron acceptor is not oxygen, it is described as anaerobic. An anaerobic form of respiration is mainly carried out by anaerobic organisms (for example, anaerobic bacteria) that use certain molecules as electron acceptors instead of oxygen.
In another anaerobic process, such as fermentation, pyruvate is not metabolized in the same way as in aerobic respiration.
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The pyruvate molecules produced are not transported to the mitochondria. Instead, they remain in the cytoplasm where they can be converted into a waste product that is removed from the cell.
The main function of cellular respiration is to synthesize biochemical energy. Cellular respiration is essential for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells because this biochemical energy is produced to fuel many metabolic processes, such as biosynthesis, locomotion, and transport of molecules across membranes.
For the specific products of cellular respiration: go to the section – What are the products of cellular respiration? See the next section below for the cellular respiration diagram.
Cellular respiration occurs in both the cytosol and mitochondria of cells. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, while pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondrion. Figure 1 shows the locations of the key biochemical reactions involved in cellular respiration.
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Figure 1. Diagram of cellular respiration showing how the process can produce ATP and other metabolic products. Credit: Thoughtco.com
The energy produced by the mitochondria is stored as potential energy in molecules called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The main chemical produced in cellular respiration is ATP. ATP is the standard unit in which the energy released during respiration is stored. The mitochondrion can be recognized as the “
” of the cell due to its important role in cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain a number of enzymes that aid in this process.
And is permeable to molecules and ions (e.g. ATP). The inner membrane contains complexes involved in the electron transport chain phase of cellular respiration, which will be described in more detail below.
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When cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, it is known as aerobic respiration. If this takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is known as anaerobic respiration.
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are responsible for breaking down organic molecules (usually carbohydrates or fats). During these enzyme reactions, a small amount of energy is channeled into ATP molecules.
ATP is found in every living cell and can move energy where it is needed. Energy can be released from ATP by its dephosphorylation to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). See Figure 2 for the structure of ATP.
Oxygen is used in cellular respiration. It is a diatomic molecule (that is, it consists of two oxygen molecules connected by a covalent bond) and it is electronegative, meaning it attracts bonding electron pairs. As it attracts electrons, energy is released from the chemical bonds. Potential energy from our food combines with oxygen to create products of carbon dioxide (CO).
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For example, the monosaccharide glucose (the most basic form of carbohydrate) can be combined with oxygen. The high-energy electrons found in the glucose are transferred to the oxygen and potential energy is released. The energy is stored in the form of ATP. This final process of cellular respiration takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Instead of all the energy being released at once, the electrons travel through the electron transport chain.
The energy is released in small pieces and that energy is used to form ATP. See below for more information about the stages of cellular respiration, including the electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration can be written as chemical equations. An example of the aerobic respiration equation is shown in Figure 3.
Most prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the process of and undergo aerobic respiration. As mentioned above, this is the process of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen.
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