What Role Does Zinc Play In The Human Body – Coffee consumption among United States adults by demographic variables and purchase location: analyzes of NHANES 2011–2016 data
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What Role Does Zinc Play In The Human Body
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Best Zinc Rich Foods To Include In Your Diet + Benefits
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Foods High In Zinc For A Stronger Immune System
Received: 9 July 2020 / Revised: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 / Published: 16 August 2020
Zinc is an essential microelement that plays many important functions in the body. It is crucial for the regulation of cell growth, hormone release, immunological response and reproduction. This review focuses on its importance in the reproductive system of women of reproductive and postmenopausal age, not including its well-described role in pregnancy. Only recently has attention been drawn to the potential role of Zinc in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), dysmenorrhea or endometriosis. This review is based primarily on 36 randomized controlled studies on reproductive, pre- and post-menopausal populations of women and on research attempting to elucidate the potential impact of zinc and its supplementation in the etiology of selected female reproductive system disorders. In women with PCOS, zinc supplementation has a positive effect on many parameters, especially those related to insulin resistance and lipid balance. In primary dysmenorrhea, zinc supplementation before and during each menstrual cycle appears to be an important factor that reduces the intensity of menstrual pain. On the other hand, little is known about the role of zinc in endometriosis and in postmenopausal women. Therefore, further studies clarifying the potential impact of zinc and its supplementation on female reproductive system would be highly advisable and valuable.
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element present in all body tissues and fluids, mainly intracellularly. The total amount of zinc in the human body is estimated to be 2–3 g and less than 0.2% of it is found in plasma, where its concentration is about 15 µmol/L (100 µg/dL) [1, 2, 3 , 4, 5]. About 0.1% of the zinc content of the body (i.e. 2-3 mg) should be supplied daily [6, 7]. The zinc status in humans depends on sex, age, physiological state and diet. Most international groups (e.g. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO), Institute of Medicine (IOM) or European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)) have developed dietary recommendations for zinc [8, 9, 10], which are Table 1 presented.
Many different foods contain zinc, but those of animal origin (organs and meat of mammals, fish, eggs and dairy products) are the richest source of easily absorbable zinc. Plant-based foods, such as grains, cereals, nuts and legumes contain smaller and less efficiently absorbed amounts of this element [1, 3, 10, 11, 12]. Zinc bioavailability depends on the chemical form on zinc, its solubility and the presence of other substances in the food that affect the efficiency of zinc absorption [11]. In general, its absorption increases with protein intake. Animal proteins improve the bioavailability of zinc from plant food sources (by counteracting the inhibitory effect of phytates) [10, 12]. Soluble ligands or chelators of zinc (e.g. EDTA, amino acids, organic acids) have a positive effect on its absorption by increasing zinc solubility [12]. The most important inhibitor of this process is phytate (myoinositol hexaphoshate-P), which is present in many plant foods and binds zinc irreversibly in the intestinal lumen disturbing its absorption [11]. Cereals (eg white rice—the dietary staple in many Asian countries) and legumes (eg beans, which are very popular in Latin America) contain the most phytate. To estimate the likely absorption of zinc from the diet, the P:Zn molar ratio can be applied. Diets with a P:Zn molar ratio >15 are generally believed to have relatively poor zinc bioavailability (10–15%, “low bioavailability diet”), those with a P:Zn molar ratio between 5 and 15 have medium zinc bioavailability (30-35%, “medium-bioavailability diet”), and those with a P:Zn molar ratio
Zinc Deficiency And Erectile Dysfunction Understanding The Link
The main cause of Zn deficiency is insufficient dietary intake, which is common in many parts of the world [12]. According to the data from 2001, almost half of the world’s population was at risk of zinc deficiency at that time. Although the zinc intake from the diet averages 10 mg Zn/day, about 1.5 mg zinc is absorbable, mainly due to the phytate content in the diet [11]. Despite the fact that most people in developed countries are on a medium-bioavailability diet, approximately 12% of the population in Eastern Europe is at risk of insufficient zinc intake. The zinc intake of people in South and Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan and North Africa, and the Eastern Mediterranean is about 9 mg Zn/day, but only 10–12% of zinc is absorbed due to a low-bioavailability diet (world average ~15%). Therefore, the food supply in these areas provided only 47–60% of zinc needs (world average 72%) and approximately 70% of people are at risk of insufficient zinc levels in the body. The worst situation is in South Asia, where more than 95% of people are at risk of having low zinc intake [11]. Infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women and the elderly are at greatest risk of zinc depletion, as all these groups have increased requirements [12, 14].
Zinc plays a very important role in maintaining homeostasis. It is part of about 3000 human proteins, in which it acts as a catalytic, structural or regulatory ion [3, 15, 16]. It therefore plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of cells (including their differentiation, growth and division), endocrine and immune system, transcription, synthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA; and DNA replication [ 1 , 8 , 14 ]. Zinc is also critical in maintaining the redox balance. It demonstrates antioxidant action and protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are synergistic with other antioxidants (eg vitamin E). The level of zinc affects the activity of many antioxidant enzymes, including Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which, among other things, protects against DNA damage [1]. Zinc also participates in the metabolism of various microelements [2]. There are studies linking zinc deficiency with the worsening vision that accompanies aging [14]. In the hippocampus, zinc affects cognitive functions, improves memory and reduces the risk of depression. In addition, it reduces fatigue, mood swings and psychomotor hyperactivity. It is well known that zinc is crucial in the production of immune system cells [1, 5, 14] and in increasing cell sensitivity to insulin [1, 17, 18]. Zinc is also necessary for the growth of skin, hair and nails, as it is involved in the proper formation of connective tissue and collagen synthesis [1, 9, 14]. Therefore, zinc deficiency can lead to serious changes in the functioning of the body, including the reproductive system [1, 14].
Zinc is crucial for the proper functioning of the reproductive system, because the cells of this system differentiate and multiply extensively, and these processes are zinc dependent. It plays a critical role in the reproductive system of both sexes, because it is necessary for spermatozoa development, ovulation, fertilization, normal pregnancy, fetal development and delivery [6, 16, 19]. When present at correct levels, it maintains normal homeostasis of testosterone, and male fertility parameters such as sperm count, density, motility, morphology and viability, seminal pH, or semen volume [7, 14]. Zinc deficiency in men leads to impotence, hypogonadism or delayed sexual development [14]. Moreover, zinc supplementation leads to a reduction of prostate size in benign prostatic hyperplasia and symptoms of this condition [20, 21, 22].
In contrast to the male reproductive system, less is known about the effects of zinc on the female reproductive system, as only relatively few investigations have been carried out [6, 19]. The majority of studies have focused on the role of zinc and its supplementation on the course of pregnancy and
What’s The Function Of Zinc (zn) In Plants?
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