What Role Does Iodine Play In The Body – Transcriptomics reveals rapid changes in salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways in shoots of carbonate-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana under bicarbonate exposure
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What Role Does Iodine Play In The Body
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Iodine’s Role In Hormone Balance: How To Fix Deficiencies
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Iodine Deficiency & Its Effect On Your Body
Received: 23 December 2020 / Revised: 22 January 2021 / Accepted: 23 January 2021 / Published: 27 January 2021
Most studies of Iodine metabolism in humans and animals have focused on its role in thyroid function. However, considerable evidence suggests that iodine may also be involved in the pathophysiology of other organs. We review the literature showing that molecular iodine (I:
) performs many and complex actions on the organs that attract it, not including its effect as part of thyroid hormones. This chemical form of iodine is internalized by a facilitated diffusion system that is evolutionarily conserved, and its effects appear to be mediated by a number of mechanisms and pathways. As an oxidized component, it directly neutralizes free radicals, induces the expression of type II antioxidant enzymes, or inactivates proinflammatory pathways. In cells of neoplasms
Generates iodolipids with nuclear actions that include activation of apoptotic pathways and inhibition of markers associated with stem cell maintenance, chemoresistance, and survival. Recently, I2 has been considered an immune modulator that can act as an inhibitor or activator of immune responses depending on the cellular context. We recommend that molecular iodine intake in adults be increased to at least 1 mg/day in specific pathologies to obtain the potential extrathyroidal benefits described in this review.
Iodine, Salt And The Thyroid Gland
Iodine in its various chemical forms is captured and used by almost all living things and is considered a micronutrient in chordates. In vertebrates, iodine is a component of thyroid hormones that is required for the proper development and function of several organs, primarily the nervous system [1]. However, a significant amount of iodine in the Body is non-hormonal and is concentrated in extra-thyroid tissues of the thyroid gland, where its biological function is barely understood [2]. Several groups have suggested that iodine may have an ancestral antioxidant function in all cells that concentrate it, from primitive algae to the most recent vertebrates [ 3 , 4 ]. In these cells, oxidized iodine can act as an electron donor to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) or bind to the double bonds of some polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, making them less reactive to ROS [ 5 ]. In addition, iodine has been shown to bind to lipids such as arachidonic acid (AA), induce apoptosis, and/or have differentiation effects on various epithelial cells [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Furthermore, iodine is absorbed and metabolized by immune cells, and depending on the physiological context, this halogen can act as an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory agent [ 9 , 10 ]. The distribution and effect of iodine in organisms depends on the chemical form of assimilated iodine. For example, molecular iodine (I:
) in the blood before absorption in the gastrointestinal tract [11], causes a differential effect [12], and its uptake in the thyroid gland is 40% lower [13]. In fact, under conditions of iodine deficiency, I
Is more effective in reducing mammary changes caused by iodine deficiency [14]. This article reviews various reports on the effects of iodine as an antioxidant, differentiator, and immunomodulator and does not include the actions of thyroid hormones.
Iodine is a structural component of thyroid hormones, which are necessary for the differentiation of the nervous system during development and important regulators of energy metabolism. Public health policies have been established to ensure that the population consumes adequate amounts of iodine to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. According to the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), the recommended dietary allowance of iodine is 150–299 μg/day for normal thyroid function, and the upper limit of iodine intake at the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). is 1700–1800 μg/day [15, 16]. In 1988, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives recommended that a maximum upper level of 1 mg/day from all sources of iodine would be safe for most of the population, except those with or underlying iodine sensitivity. thyroid disorders. Increased intake of iodide may also interact with drugs such as lithium or sulfisoxazole [17], but similar studies with molecular iodine do not exist; see Table 1 [15, 16]. However, several studies suggest that iodine supplementation at moderately high concentrations is well tolerated in euthyroids, and that only high doses (> 30 mg/day), mainly because i
How To Perform The Iodine Patch Test
, causes hypothyroidism and goitre, which rapidly return to normal when these individuals stop taking iodine at high concentrations, see Table 2 [15, 18]. Other studies show that iodine itself is involved in the pathophysiology of various organs that absorb it, mainly the thyroid, breast, prostate, pancreas, and ovaries, as well as the stomach, immune, and nervous systems [6]. Moreover, in its molecular form, iodine acts as an antioxidant throughout the body if taken in concentrations above 1 mg per day [19, 20]. Dose-response studies in humans have shown that I
At concentrations of 1 to 6 mg/day, significant beneficial effects have been demonstrated in benign pathologies such as fibrocystic breast disease [21, 22], prostatic hyperplasia [23], and polycystic ovaries (unpublished results). In these studies, treatment lasted from five weeks to two years and there were no side effects at these concentrations. Some dose-response studies also analyzed the highest concentration of iodine (9 and 12 mg/day) and showed similar benefits, but in some cases were accompanied by transient hypothyroidism and/or minor side effects such as headache, sinusitis, acne or diarrhea; These effects disappeared when the high dose of supplemental iodine was stopped [24]. The anti-neoplastic effect of I
Supplementation with no deleterious effects on the thyroid gland has also been observed in breast and prostate pathologies in preclinical (rodent and canine) and clinical protocols [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Although the thyroid gland captures 40% less I
Tolerable upper limits of iodine intake during pregnancy are not well defined, and the effects of excess iodine in infants are not well documented [15], so iodine intake in any form above the upper limits is not recommended for pregnant women. or infants.
The Healthiest Natural Source Of Iodine
Although the main absorption of iodine occurs in the thyroid gland, it is taken up by many other organs (Figure 1), including the salivary glands, gastric mucosa, mammary gland, nervous system, choroid plexus, ciliary body of the eye, lacrimal gland, thymus, skin, placenta, ovaries, uterus , prostate and pancreas, and they may retain or lose this ability under pathological conditions [1]. The I:
The transport system in many of these extrathyroidal tissues involves the expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and/or the anion exchanger Pendrin (PDS/SLC26A4). Recent studies have also shown the direct involvement of other transporters, including anoctamin 1 (ANO1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and sodium multivitamin transporter (SMVT), capable of absorbing I.
And ATP, but it is saturable and dependent on protein synthesis, suggesting a facilitated diffusion system [34]. This mechanism is similar to that described in marine algae [35], which indicates that I
Absorption may be an evolutionarily conserved system. Indeed, we have shown that the thyroid, mammary gland, and prostate can accumulate both types of iodine, which are taken up by different mechanisms. Thyroid, mammary, and prostate show significant I uptake
Effect Of Iodine Deficiency And The Spectrum Of Idd Across The Life…
). Molecular iodine is absorbed by these tissues as well as other tissues such as the mammary gland, and NIS is not involved in its internalization [36]. These findings agree with the idea that I
Contributes to maintaining the integrity of these organs. In rats, iodine deficiency is accompanied by ductal hyperplasia and perilobular fibrosis in the virgin mammary glands, and the addn.
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