White Blood Cells In Urine Ovarian Cancer – White Blood Cells (WBCs) are also called leukocytes. They protect the body from infection by fighting foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Phagocytes and lymphocytes are forms of white blood cells (WBCs).
Phagocytes engulf foreign particles such as bacteria. Lymphocytes recognize foreign particles based on previous encounters. Lymphocytes make up our body’s adaptive immunity. They also produce antibodies that bind to foreign particles, so they are recognized for destruction.
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Because leukocytes help fight disease and infection, high levels of leukocytes in the Urine may indicate infection or inflammation in the bladder or kidneys. This means the body is trying to fight off a urinary tract infection. It can also indicate damage to the urethra, bladder and urethra.
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This may indicate a kidney stone. A high leukocyte count in the urine can also indicate high blood pressure, diabetes, or other kidney disease. A consistently high leukocyte count in the urine can negatively affect the kidneys or bladder. Excess leukocytes that have been killed or damaged while fighting infection are flushed out of the body through urine.
For this reason, the presence of leukocytes in the urine does not always mean infection. The normal range of leukocytes in urine is 0-5 WBC/HPF. In women, the size of their urinary tract is smaller than that of men, which is why women have more leukocytes in their urine than men. Leukocytes are also seen in the urine of pregnant women.
During pregnancy, the number of leukocytes can suddenly rise in the urine. One reason may be due to a contamination in the vagina. Other causes can be increased levels of protein excreted in the urine and bladder infections. If leukocytes are frequently reported in routine urinalysis, consultation with a gynecologist is recommended.
Kidney problems can cause an increase in the number of leukocytes in the urine. The infection starts in the urinary tract and spreads to the kidneys. This type of infection is called pyelonephritis, which can affect any part of the renal system. It can affect the bladder, urethra and urethra. People with compromised immune systems and those using urinary catheters are at increased risk of developing pyelonephritis.
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Kidney stones also prove dangerous because the stones contain calcium salts, which can block the passage of urine into the ureter. Obstruction can lead to bacterial infection and the presence of leukocytes in the urine.
Sexual intercourse enables the transfer of bacteria to the urinary tract, leading to an increase in the number of leukocytes in the urine.
In most cases, when the bladder is full, there is an urge to urinate to empty the bladder. In some cases, when urine is not completely discharged or when urination is delayed, the urine left in the bladder acts as a good medium for bacterial growth. This will cause the bladder to become infected with bacteria leading to an increase in the number of leukocytes in the urine.
The most common causes of urinary tract obstruction are kidney stones, prostatic hypertrophy, and pelvic trauma. Due to this obstruction, the urinary system is damaged, resulting in the appearance of leukocytes in the urine. Sometimes blood in the urine is also noticed.
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Interstitial cystitis is also called bladder pain syndrome. This leads to bladder pressure and pain as well as excessive urination resulting in urinary tract infection and an increase in the number of leukocytes in the urine.
1) Lower UTI Symptoms – The most common symptoms include dysuria or severe pain, frequent urination, urgency and incontinence. Urine may also contain hematuria, or blood, and a foul-smelling or cloudy urine.
2) Upper UTI Symptoms – In addition to the above symptoms, patients may also show symptoms of suprapubic pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and costovertebral angle tenderness (CVAT).
A urine sample is usually tested for white blood cells or leukocytes, red blood cells (RBC), bacteria, and other substances. When the urine is positive for bacteria, a urine culture is performed to identify the type of bacterial infection.
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This is the first step in diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI). A microscopic examination is done to look for pyuria (pus in the urine) and hematuria (blood in the urine). Pyuria is usually present in most women with UTI and some urethritis. A midstream clear catch urine test is used to diagnose pyuria.
Urinalysis is the most accurate way to diagnose bacteremia (bacteria in urine) in symptomatic women. The presence of bacteria in the urine is not considered a single criterion for the diagnosis of UTI. Three acceptable methods of urine collection are midstream clean catch, catheterization, and suprapubic aspiration.
Ten or more leukocytes per cubic milliliter of urine are considered abnormal. Women with UTIs have a higher than normal number of leukocytes per cubic milliliter. In concentrated samples, WBC/HPF greater than 8-10 indicates infection.
If at least one bacterium is present in an oil-immersion case from a clean catch and uncentrifuged urine sample, this indicates a probability of 10.
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Bacteria/ml of urine or more. A gram stain of urine stain is also a quick, cheap and accurate method of detecting bacteria in urine. However, low bacterial counts in the lower urinary tract may be associated with a negative Gram stain.
White cell casts are strong evidence of pyelonephritis. However, its absence does not rule out an upper urinary tract infection. White blood cells are also seen in kidney disease in the absence of infection.
A dipstick test is performed to detect leukocyte esterase or nitrite reductase in the urine. This is a commonly used test. Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme produced by leukocytes. This test detects the presence of leukocytes and other abnormalities associated with infection. Presence of leukocyte esterase indicates pyuria while nitrite indicates bacteriuria. A positive dipstick test should be considered a positive screen, but a negative test result does not exclude the diagnosis of UTI in a patient at high risk of infection.
Dipsticks can collect certain substances in the urine, such as leukocyte esterase and nitrite. Both of these substances are indicators of infection. If the urine tests positive for nitrites, it indicates a bacterial infection, although it does not pick up all the bacteria present in the urine. If the urine test is negative for leukocyte esterase, it means that the infection is very unlikely.
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If the leukocyte esterase test is positive and the nitrite is negative, this may still mean infection. Such cases can be attributed to poor hygiene or wrong technique used while collecting the urine sample. This can lead to false results such as the presence of bacteria in the urine that are not actually present in the urinary tract.
To avoid a false positive result, the area around the urethral opening should be rinsed with clean water before collecting the sample. Men should retain the foreskin and women should keep aside the labia. Half of the urine should be collected as the initial volume of urine may be contaminated.
Most doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat UTIs. Doctors may recommend a longer course of antibiotics for frequent UTIs. In case of a severe kidney infection, the patient needs to be closely monitored, otherwise the situation can be life-threatening.
Tumors or kidney stones can be surgically removed. Surgery is usually required when large stones are involved. Rocks are broken up using sound waves. Treatment options for tumors may include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
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Small kidney stones can be flushed out of the system by increasing water intake. An increased fluid intake can help flush out bacteria present in the urinary tract. Drink at least two liters of water every day.
Taking antibiotics too often can increase the body’s risk of antibiotic resistance in certain types of bacteria. A natural approach is always best. Below are some natural ways to get rid of urinary tract infection:
Studies have shown that cranberry is an antibiotic alternative. It can help treat and prevent UTIs. The hippuric acid present in cranberries is known to have an antibacterial effect against bladder infections. Cranberry extract can also lower calcium levels in kidney stones.
However, a review of scientific evidence confirms that cranberry juice may not be very effective in reducing the incidence of UTIs. Therefore, it is not actively recommended by doctors.
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The arbutin component of the berry is converted to an antibacterial compound called hydroquinone, which has been used to treat UTIs for centuries. It cleans the urinary tract, fights infections and treats kidney stones. However, it has been found that hydroquinone can potentially cause liver damage. So, consult a doctor first before taking it.
A high-oxalate diet is thought to be responsible for frequent kidney stones. Examples of foods high in oxalates are spinach, Swiss chard, okra, dried figs, peanuts, almonds, and sesame seeds. Low-oxalate foods include onions, zucchini, avocados, limes, cherries, coconut, ginger, beef, chicken, and eggs.
Goldenseal is a herbal antimicrobial remedy. The active ingredient in goldenseal is berberine. However, more research is needed to prove its potential for treating UTIs.
Fresh fruits and vegetables can help prevent the formation of oxidizing agents,
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