The Main Function Of Cellular Respiration Is – Definition: A series of metabolic processes that occur within a cell in which chemical biological energy is harvested from an organic substance (eg glucose) and then stored as an energy-carrying biomolecule (eg ATP) for use in the energy-requiring functions of the cell.
. Bioenergy is harvested from organic matter (eg glucose, a six-carbon molecule) and then stored as energy-like biomolecules (eg adenosine triphosphate or ATP) for use in energy-demanding cell functions. The main function of Cellular Respiration is to break down glucose to form energy.
The Main Function Of Cellular Respiration Is
Cellular Respiration is a series of metabolic processes within a cell in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic matter (eg glucose) and then stored as an energy-carrying biomolecule (eg ATP) for use in the energy-requiring functions of the cell.
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In prokaryotic cells, it is made in the cytoplasm of the cell, in eukaryotic cells it starts in the cytosol and then it is made in the mitochondria. In eukaryotes, the 4 stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation through
When the final electron acceptor is not oxygen, it is referred to as anaerobic. This type of anaerobic respiration is carried out by anaerobic organisms (such as anaerobic bacteria) that use certain molecules as electron acceptors instead of oxygen.
In other anaerobic processes, such as fermentation, pyruvate is not digested in the same way as the aerobic type.
The pyruvate molecules produced are not transported into the mitochondria. Rather, they remain in the cytoplasm where they can be converted into waste products that will be removed from the cell.
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The main function of cellular respiration is to produce biochemical energy. Cellular respiration is essential for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells because biochemical energy is produced to fuel many metabolic processes, such as biosynthesis, localization, and transport of molecules across membranes.
Special hand breathing products: skip to section – What are hand breathing products? For manual breathing diagram, see next section below.
Cellular respiration occurs in both the cytosol and mitochondria of cells. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, while pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondrion. Figure 1 shows the main biochemical reaction sites involved in cellular respiration.
Figure 1. Diagram of Cellular Respiration showing how the process can produce ATP and other metabolic products. Source: Thoughtco.com
Cellular Respiration Map Template
The energy produced by mitochondria is stored as potential energy from molecules called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The main chemical produced in cellular respiration is ATP. ATP is the normal unit of energy released during respiration. Mitochondrion can be identified as “
” cell because of its major role in cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain a number of enzymes to aid in this process.
Which can be carried by molecules and ions (eg ATP). The inner membrane contains structures involved in a stage of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration that will be described in detail below.
If cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.
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Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are responsible for breaking down organic molecules (usually carbohydrates or fats). During an enzyme reaction, a small amount of energy is transferred to ATP molecules.
ATP is found in every living cell and can transport energy wherever it is needed. Energy can be released from ATP through its dephosphorylation to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). See Figure 2 for the structure of ATP.
Oxygen is used for cellular respiration. It is a diatomic molecule (ie, it is made up of two oxygen molecules joined by a covalent bond) and is electronegative, meaning that it attracts a pair of electrons. When it pulls electrons toward itself, it releases chemical bond energy. Potential energy from our food combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO
For example, the monosaccharide glucose, (the basic type of carbohydrate) can be combined with oxygen. High-energy electrons from glucose are transferred to oxygen and potential energy is released. Energy is stored in the form of ATP. This final process of cellular respiration takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Instead of releasing all the energy at once, the electrons move down the electron transport chain.
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Energy is released in small amounts and that energy is used to make ATP. See below to understand more about the stages of cellular respiration including the electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration can be written as chemical equations. An example of the air-breathing equation is shown in Figure 3.
Most prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the process of air respiration. As mentioned above, it is a process of manual respiration in the presence of oxygen. Water and carbon dioxide are the end products of this reaction along with energy. (See Figure 3)
In lactic acid fermentation, 6 carbon sugars, such as glucose, are converted into energy in the form of ATP. However, during this process, milk is also released, which becomes lactic acid. See Figure 4 for an example of the lactic acid fermentation equation. It can occur in animal cells (such as muscle cells) as well as some prokaryotes. In humans, the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles can occur during intense exercise when oxygen is lacking. The aerobic respiration pathway is converted to the lactic acid fermentation pathway in the mitochondria which although produces ATP; It is not as effective as breathing air. Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles can also be painful.
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Alcohol fermentation (also known as ethanol fermentation) is a process that converts sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is carried out by yeast and some bacteria. Alcoholic fermentation is used by humans in the process of making alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. During alcoholic fermentation, sugars are broken down to form pyruvate molecules in a process called glycolysis. Two molecules of pyruvic acid are created during glycolysis from one glucose molecule. These pyruvic acid molecules are then converted into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide. Pyruvate is converted to ethanol under anaerobic conditions where it begins to convert to acetaldehyde, which releases carbon dioxide, and acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol. In alcoholic fermentation, the electron acceptor NAD + is reduced to form NADH and the exchange of electrons helps generate ATP. Figure 5 shows the equation for alcoholic fermentation.
Methanogenesis is a process carried out only by anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria belong to the phylum Euryarchaeota and include Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanopyrales, and Methanosarcinales. Methanogens occur only in oxygen-depleted environments, such as sediments, aquatic environments, and the intestinal tracts of mammals. There are 3 methods for methanogenesis:
(1) Acetoclastic Methanogenesis. This process involves the activation of acetate into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), whose methyl group is then transferred to the central methanogenic pathway. Acetoclastic methanogens break down acetate in the following ways:
Acetoclastic methanogenesis is carried out by Methanosarcina and Methanosarcinales and is mostly found in freshwater sediments. Here, it is thought that acetate contributes to approximately two-thirds of the total methane formation on Earth each year.
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(2) Methylotrophic Methanogenesis. In methylotrophic methanogenesis, methanol or methylamines serve as substrates instead of acetate. This process can be seen in marine sediments where methylated substrates can be found. Some acetoclastic methanosarcinales and at least one member of the Methanomicrobiales can also use this second pathway.
(3) Hydrogenotrophic Methanogenesis. Finally, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis is a process used by Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanopyrales, and Methanosarcinales (ie all five orders). In this reaction, hydrogenotrophic methanogens use hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or form as follows:
Although methanogenesis is a form of respiration, the normal electron transport chain is not used. Methanogens instead rely on several coenzymes, including coenzyme F420, which is involved in the activation of hydrogen, and coenzyme M, which is involved in the reduction of the CH3 end groups of methane (Figure 6.).
There are 4 stages in the manual breathing process. These are glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain with chemiosmosis.
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The literal meaning of glycolysis is ‘breakdown of sugar’. Glykos comes from the Greek word ‘sweet’ and lysis means ‘without’. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that produce energy from glucose by splitting it into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis is a chemical pathway that evolved a long time ago and is found in most living organisms. In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first step in the process. However, glycolysis does not require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms also have this pathway.
Before glycolysis can begin, glucose must be taken into the cell and phosphorylated. In most organisms, this occurs in the cytosol. The most famous form of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP pathway), discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis refers to other pathways, one
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