What Causes High Red Blood Cell Count Hemoglobin And Hematocrit – Polycythemia is a Blood disorder caused by an overabundance of Red Blood cells (RBCs) in the body. Red blood cells are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, where blood cells are stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys. Polycythemia can result from increased production of erythropoietin or excessive division of blood cells, leading to increased RBC production. As a result, the blood thickens and causes blockages in the organs. The spleen, which is especially responsible for destroying RBCs, may become enlarged.
Polycythemia is a general term for all conditions that result in an elevated red blood cell count, while polycythemia vera is used only to describe primary polycythemia. Primary polycythemia is a rare blood disorder in which the polycythemia is not the result of another condition (secondary polycythemia).
What Causes High Red Blood Cell Count Hemoglobin And Hematocrit
The gene codes for non-receptor tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) onto other molecules to regulate cell division. When there is one
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Mutation This process can become unruly. As a result, blood cell differentiation and differentiation are uncontrolled. Later they are mainly RBCs; Many white blood cells and platelets can be distinguished.
On the other hand, Secondary polycythemia results as a consequence of other underlying conditions. Secondary polycythemia is most often associated with low oxygenation from tissue hypoxia, which can stimulate increased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys. Common causes of this hypoxia are high altitude; These include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cyanotic heart disease. In addition, Conditions that directly affect the kidneys (eg, renal artery occlusion, renal cysts, and renal tumors) may also increase erythropoietin production. erythropoietin analogues; Side effects of anabolic steroids and some testosterone-related drugs can cause polycythemia. rare Tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma can secrete erythropoietin and cause polycythemia.
Risk factors for all types of polycythemia include obesity; smoking chronic alcoholism; diabetes These include high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Specific risk factors for primary polycythemia include being male at birth or being older than 50 years.
The main signs and symptoms of polycythemia are fatigue; headache Includes dizziness and partial visual blurring. Individuals may also experience pain or burning sensations and itching after a hot shower or bath. Other signs and symptoms include hypertension; mucosal cyanosis; Abrasion and petechiae (ie, red, flat spots on the skin). An enlarged spleen or enlarged liver may be felt when the abdomen is pressed.
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Polycythemia can cause complications related to organ blockage and blood thickening or clotting. Individuals with deep vein thrombosis; stroke High risk of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. The rapid turnover of blood cells increases the production of uric acid in the body, leading to kidney stones and gout (i.e. inflammation of the joints due to uric acid). Additionally, increased inflammation can lead to gastrointestinal problems, including the development of peptic ulcers. Over time, If polycythemia vera is not well controlled. The bone marrow fills with scar tissue and RBC production will eventually decrease. This can lead to myelofibrosis, a cancer of the bone marrow, with symptoms such as weakness and fatigue.
The diagnosis of polycythemia begins with a thorough review of the signs and symptoms and medical history, and a physical examination. Later on, Blood tests are usually done. A complete blood count can confirm suspicions of an increased red blood cell count, usually due to an increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin. with primary polycythemia; White blood cells and platelets may increase. Genetic testing was done.
Mutation can also confirm primary polycythemia. An elevated serum level of erythropoietin can confirm several causes of secondary polycythemia. In addition, x-ray Imaging, including ultrasound or MRI, may be used to diagnose secondary polycythemia with underlying lung or heart disease.
The goal of polycythemia treatment is to reduce red blood cell production. For secondary polycythemia; The underlying condition needs to be treated. In general, Phlebotomy can be used to remove blood from the body and initially reduce the viscosity and volume of the blood. Individuals are then advised to increase fluids and take aspirin to prevent blood clots from forming. to inhibit bone marrow production of RBCs; Treatment may also include myelosuppressive agents such as hydroxyurea.
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Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by excessive production of red blood cells. There are two types: primary and secondary. Primary polycythemia or polycythemia vera is usually acquired.
Change. Secondary polycythemia is secondary to another condition in which polycythemia increases erythropoietin production and stimulates hematopoietic stem cells, tissue hypoxia; Stimulates cells such as kidney diseases and side effects of certain medications. Common signs and symptoms are fatigue; headache blurred vision; and including dizziness. Diagnosis involves a clinical evaluation followed by blood tests that confirm an increased RBC count. Treatment involves removing blood by phlebotomy; drinking plenty of fluids; These include taking aspirin and suppressing bone marrow RBC production or treating the underlying condition.
Haider, M., & Anwer, F. (2022, January 5). Secondary Polycythemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/27405/
Harding, M. M., Kwong, J., Roberts, D., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. (2020). Lewis’s Clinical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (11th ed.) Elsevier.
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Mayo Clinic. (February 11, 2022). Polycythemia Vera – Symptoms and Causes at the Mayo Clinic. November 29 Retrieved 2021 from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycythemia-vera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355850.
National heart Lung and blood department. (March 24, 2022). Polycythemia Vera. national heart In the lung and blood department. 29, Retrieved March 2022 from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/polycythemia-vera
Pillai, A. A., Fazal, S., & Babiker, H. M. (2021, November 3). Polycythemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. January 29 2022 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526081/Hemoglobin disorders are a group of inherited conditions that affect a person’s red blood cells. Red blood cells pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all tissues in the body. In people with hemoglobin deficiency, the number of red blood cells is low; Their inability to work, or less of both.
The most common hemoglobin disorders are sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Some of the genes that cause these diseases also protect against malaria—a deadly parasite carried by mosquitoes. through natural selection; These genetic variations are common in some parts of the world.
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The Hbb gene codes for the beta globin protein. Two molecules of beta-globin combine with two molecules of alpha-globin to form hemoglobin. If there is a problem with the beta-globin protein, the hemoglobin does not work properly and the red blood cells do not do their job.
The HBB gene on chromosome 11 codes for the beta-globin protein. Two molecules of beta-globin combine with two molecules of alpha-globin to form hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin protein is the main component of red blood cells. It gives blood color and carries oxygen. The red color comes from iron-containing molecules inside each globin protein. Heme is needed for hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
There are many different versions (alleles) of the HBB gene, each coding for a slightly different beta-globin protein. Some HBB alleles can cause genetic disorders. Each type of beta-globin disease has unique symptoms and can range from very mild to life-threatening. In all these diseases, Symptoms go back to weak hemoglobin, which prevents red blood cells from working.
Hemoglobin Levels: High Vs. Low, Symptoms, And Risk Factors
Too little protein. Some alleles of the HBB gene produce little or no beta-globin protein. They cause some forms of beta-thalassemia, a genetic disorder in which people have too few red blood cells.
Altered proteins. Some alleles of the HBB gene code for abnormal beta-globin protein forms. Depending on how the beta globin protein is changed, Alleles of this type can cause genetic abnormalities.
From the standpoint of the protein produced, a person’s two HBB alleles are co-dominant. Beta-globin proteins are made from both alleles, which combine randomly to make hemoglobin.
Typically, People with a healthy HBB allele can make enough of the healthy beta-globin protein so that their red blood cells can do their job. Therefore, Hemoglobin disorders usually follow an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern: two nonfunctional alleles; One from each parent requires non-functional alleles. Sickle cell disease and most beta-thalassemias work this way.
Complete Blood Count, Red Blood Cell Morphology
However, In some cases, Hemoglobin disorders follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern: it only requires one non-functional HBB allele. A child can inherit the disease directly from the affected parent. Oxygen transport disorders and some forms of beta-thalassemia act this way.
In some allele combinations—the oxygen transport allele and sickle cell or the sickle cell allele and beta-thalassemia—the symptoms of the disease follow a co-dominant pattern. The symptoms a person experiences are due to the combined effects of both alleles.
Each person inherits two copies (or alleles) of the Hbb gene from each parent. Our red blood cells make proteins from both alleles and combine them into hemoglobin. Hemoglobin molecules can contain beta-globin from any allele in any combination.
Stem cells in the bone marrow divide rapidly and give rise to all types of blood cells. Hi
What Does A High Red Blood Cell (rbc) Count Mean?
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