What Is The Main Function Of Kidneys – The Kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space behind the abdomen and form urine by filtering blood.
They are located on the left and right sides of the retroperitoneal space and are about 12 cm (4+ 1⁄2 in) long in an adult.
What Is The Main Function Of Kidneys
They receive blood from the paired ral arteries; blood leaves the paired ral veins. Each kidney is connected to a ureter, which transports the selected urine to the bladder.
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The kidney is involved in the regulation of the amount of different body fluids, the osmolality of the liquid, the acid-base balance, the various electrolyte contractions and the removal of toxins. Filtration takes place in the glomerulus: one fifth of the blood volume passing through the kidneys is filtered out. Examples of reabsorbed substances are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose and amino acids. Examples of secreted substances are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult human kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, whereas a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons. The kidneys also perform functions independent of the nephrons. For example, the precursor of vitamin D is converted to its active form, calcitriol; and synthesizes erythropoietin and rin hormones.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as a leading public health problem worldwide. The global prevalence of chronic kidney failure is 13.4%, and the number of patients with kidney failure is estimated at 5-7 million.
Procedures used in the treatment of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of urine (urinalysis), measurement of kidney function by calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using serum creatinine; and renal biopsy and CT scan to evaluate abnormal anatomy. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat kidney failure; one of these (or both in succession) is almost always used when the function falls below 15%. Nephrectomy is often used to treat squamous cell carcinoma.
Ral physiology is the study of kidney function. Nephrology is the medical specialty that deals with diseases of kidney function: these include CKD, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, acute kidney injury, and pyelonephritis. Urology deals with the anatomical diseases of the kidney (and urinary tract): these include cancer, renal cysts, kidney and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction.
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The word “ral” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys” and has roots in Frch or Late Latin. While some thought that the word “ral” should be replaced with “kidney” in scientific writing such as “renal artery”, other experts chose to retain the use of “ral”, including the term “ral artery”.
The picture shows the human torso with the position of the organs. The kidneys are at the level of the T12-L3 vertebrae.
In humans, the kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine, and in a retroperitoneal position at a slight oblique angle.
Intra-abdominal asymmetry caused by the position of the liver usually results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and slightly more medial than the left kidney.
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And the right one is slightly lower. The right kidney is located just below the diaphragm and behind the liver. The left kidney is located below the diaphragm and behind the spleen. On top of each kidney is an adral gland. The upper part of the kidneys is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Each kidney, along with its adrenal gland, is surrounded by two layers of fat: the peripheral fat between the rales fascia and the rales capsule, and the pararal fat, which is above the rales fascia.
The indented area at the concave border is the ral hilum, where the ral artery diverts the kidney and the ral vein and ureter leave. The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the ral capsule, which is itself surrounded by surrounding fat, ral fascia, and pararal fat. The anterior (front) surface of these tissues is the peritoneum, while the posterior (posterior) surface is the transversalis fascia.
The upper pole of the right kidney is located next to the liver. In the case of the left kidney, it is next to the spleen. Therefore, both move downwards when you inhale.
1. Ral pyramid • 2. Interlobular artery • 3. Ral artery • 4. Ral vein 5. Ral hilum • 6. Ral pelvis • 7. Ureter • 8. Lesser calyx • 9. Ral capsule • 10. Inferior ral capsule . Superior ral capsule • 12. Interlobular vein
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The functional material or parchyma of the human kidney is divided into two main structures: the outer ral cortex and the inner ral medulla. These structures roughly take the form of eight to eighteen cone-shaped lobes, each containing a ral cortex surrounding a portion of the medulla known as the ral pyramid.
Between the ral pyramids are cortical projections called ral columns. Nephrons, the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, encompass the cortex and the medulla. The initial filtering part of the nephron is the ral corpusculum, which is located in the cortex. This is followed by a ral tubule that travels from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids. Part of the ral cortex, the medullary ray is a collection of ral tubules that empty into a single collecting duct.
The apex or papilla of each pyramid empties the urine into a smaller cup; the smaller chalices empty into a larger chalice and the larger chalices into the basin. This will be the ureter. In the hilum, the ureter and ral vein exit the kidney and the ral artery. Hilar fat and lymphoid tissue surround these structures with lymph nodes. The hilar fat is connected to a fat-filled cavity called the ral sinus. The ral sinus together contains the ral pelvis and calyces and separates these structures from the ral medullary tissue.
The kidneys receive blood from the right and left rales, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta. In an adult, the kidneys receive approximately 20-25% of the cardiac output.
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Each ral artery branches into segmental arteries and further divides into interlobar arteries that pierce the ral capsule and pass through the ral columns between the ral pyramids. The interlobar arteries supply blood to the arcuate arteries that pass through the border between the cortex and the medulla. Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli.
The blood leaves the kidneys and finally into the lower scrotum. After filtration, the blood passes through a network of small veins (vules) that converge into interlobular veins. Similar to the distribution of arterioles, the veins follow the same pattern: the interlobulars supply blood to the arcuate veins and back to the interlobar veins, which form the ral veins exiting the kidney.
The kidney and the nervous system communicate with each other through the plexus, the fibers of which travel along the ral arteries and reach each kidney.
The kidney also receives input from the parasympathetic nervous system, through the ral branches of the vagus nerve; its function is still unclear.
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Serial input from the kidney reaches the T10-11 level of the spinal cord and enters the appropriate dermatome.
Ral histology is the examination of the microscopic structure of the kidney. The adult human kidney contains at least 26 different cell types.
In humans, approximately 20,000 protein-coding ges are expressed in human cells, and almost 70% of these ges are expressed in normal adult kidneys.
Just over 300 ges are expressed more specifically in the kidney, and only about 50 ges are highly specific to the kidney. Many of the corresponding kidney-specific proteins are expressed in the cell membrane and function as transporter proteins. The most highly expressed kidney-specific protein is uromodulin, the most abundant protein in urine, whose functions are to prevent calcification and bacterial growth. The specific proteins are expressed in different parts of the kidney with podocin and nephrin expressed in the glomeruli, the SLC22A8 carrier family protein expressed in the proximal tubules, calbindin expressed in the distal tubules and aquaporin 2 expressed in the collecting duct cells.
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The mammalian kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm. Kidney development, also known as nephrogesis, occurs through three successive developmental phases: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros is the permanent kidney primordia.
The nephron shown here is the functional unit of the kidneys. Its parts are labeled, except for the connecting tubule (gray) located after the distal convoluted tubule (dark red) and before the large (gray) collecting duct (poorly labeled collecting duct).
The kidneys excrete various waste products produced during metabolism into the urine. The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It processes the blood delivered to it by filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion; the consequence of those processes is the formation of urine. These include urea nitrogenous waste from protein catabolism and uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism. The ability of mammals and some birds to condense waste into a much smaller volume of urine than that from which the waste was extracted depends on an elaborate countercurrent multiplier mechanism. For this to work, several independent nephron characteristics are required: tight hairpin configuration of the tubules, water and ion permeability in the descending branch of the loop, water permeability
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