The Philosophy of Thales  ( 624 - 546) BCEExplore the philosophical roots of ancient Greece with an in-depth look at the life and works of Thales, one of the earliest and most fam… Read More

Plato's Timaeus summary Delve into the mind of Plato and discover his unique ideas on cosmology in this analysis of his famous work, Timaeus and Understanding Timaeus by PlatoPlato… Read More

 Anaximenes of Miletus philosopher (585 - 525)Anaximenes was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who lived in 6th Century BC Greece and whose teachings were key to the development of philosophy… Read More

Explore this idea in depth with this post, which examines the philosophy and impacts of Anaxagoras' thought. Anaxagoras of clazomenae, an ancient Greek philosopher born in 500 BC, is kn… Read More

  What was the Aristotle metaphysics ?Aristotle's metaphysics, roughly speaking, may be described as Plato diluted by common sense. He is difficult because Plato and… Read More

 golden age era 8 to 14 Islamic philosophy of history / history of Islamic philosophySome therefore choose to demarcate this slice of philosophy’s history as … Read More

 KANT II: ETHICS AND AESTHETICSThe Critique of Pure Reason set out to curb the pretensions of speculative metaphysics while establishing a priori those principles which must be assumed… Read More

The ascent to an empireI believe you may be referring to the term "Hellenistic period," which refers to the period of ancient Greek history from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE t… Read More

Are you curious about Existentialism? This beginner's guide to philosophy will help you understand the key concepts and thinkers of this influential movement.Understanding Existentialism: A… Read More

Dive into the rich history of Indian philosophy with this beginner's guide. Explore the major schools of thought and gain a deeper understanding of this ancient tradition.Introduction to Ind… Read More

Are you curious about Chinese philosophy? This guide provides an overview of the major schools of thought, including Confucianism, Taoism, and more. The Basics of Chinese PhilosophyChin… Read More

Discover the fascinating history of socialism, from its early utopian roots to its modern-day political manifestations. This comprehensive guide has it all! IntroductionSocialism is a p… Read More

Discover the fascinating history of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, two ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Join us on a journey through time!Introduction to the Indus Valley Civiliza… Read More

The Italian Renaissance period marked a significant shift in European culture and society. Explore the politics art, literature, & philosophy of this era with this informative guide.&nbs… Read More

Step back in time and immerse yourself in the wonders of ancient Chinese civilization. This guide takes you on a journey through the dynasties, art, & religion of this incredible period… Read More

The Fascinating History of Ancient Chinese Inventions and TechnologyThe 4 great chinese inventionsFrom paper and printing to gunpowder and the compass, ancient Chinese inventions have had a… Read More

 Introduction to the Maya CivilizationThe maya pyramidThe Maya civilization is one of the most intriguing ancient cultures in the world. Learn about their achievements, beliefs,Social s… Read More

Explore the fascinating history of the Persian Empires, from the reign of Cyrus the Great to the fall of Darius III. Discover the legacy of these powerful empires.The Persian Empires: From C… Read More

Ancient Egypt an introductionDiscover the fascinating history of ancient Egypt, from its rise to power to its eventual decline. This overview provides a comprehensive look at one of the worl… Read More

 Exploring the Ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations: Sumer, Akkad, and BabylonDiscover the fascinating history of the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon. Mesopotamian… Read More

Discover the fascinating world of Ancient Greece Civilization period with this comprehensive guide. From art & architecture to politics philosophy, & classical period explore it… Read More

The ancient philosophy of Stoicism provides valuable techniques to develop heightened mental health and emotional resilience in the present day. Understand and control your emotions usi… Read More

The Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure ReasonTake a journey through Immanuel Kant's masterpiece, the Critique of Pure Reason. Understand Kant's revolutionary system of thought and its implicat… Read More

Hegel German philosopher (1770–1831)Immerse yourself in the world of German Idealism through this exploration of Hegel's Logic, Metaphysics, Dialectical , and Phenomenol… Read More

David Hume philosophyLearn about David Hume’s ideas on skepticism, causality and religion in this detailed overview of the Scottish philosopher's philosophy.  David Hume is o… Read More

Spinoza philosopher (1632–1677)Find out more about the singular philosopher Baruch Spinoza in this exploration of his views on ethics, God and substance. Uncover a fascinating new… Read More

Are you interested in exploring philosophy? This post is for you! Dive deep into the histories of selected modern philosophies and philosophers to gain a comprehensive view of this field.Exp… Read More

From Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi to Avicenna and Averroes, explore the remarkable contributions of medieval Islamic philosophers. Learn more here! Exploring the Contributions of Medieval Isl… Read More

  History of the Islamic Golden AgeExplore the Golden Age of Islamic history and its lasting legacy across the Middle East, Europe, India, and North Africa. Discover this powerful… Read More

The Philosophy of Logical Analysis - Bertrand RussellUnravel the layers of logic behind Bertrand Russell's The Philosophy of Logical Analysis with this detailed yet concise overview. Learn m… Read More

Dive into the philosophical works of Henri Bergson and explore his unique ideas on time, matter, creative evolution and Laughter. From his insights on evolution to human life as an art… Read More

Understanding the Philosophy of John Dewey's Concept of TruthDive into the philosophy of John Dewey's concept of truth in this informative article. Gain a deeper understanding of his ideas a… Read More

William James philosophy of pragmatismDive into the life and works of William James, widely known as the "Father of Pragmatism" and a prominent figure in the history of philosophy. Will… Read More

Philosophy of john locke sparknotesTake an in-depth look at the philosophical concepts of John Locke with this informative guide. Gain a deeper understanding of his empiricist theory&nb… Read More

FRANCIS BACON ( 1561-1626)Take a deep dive into the philosophy of Francis Bacon & explore some insightful ideas & theories about religion, knowledge, science, & quotes.An accompl… Read More

Introduction Dive deeper into the theories of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill to uncover the fundamental motivations behind their efforts to develop the utilitarian theory. Learn ab… Read More

Dive deep into the ethical theories of Friedrich Nietzsche with this comprehensive guide to the philosopher's most influential teachings!Friedrich Nietzsche, a portrait by Edvard Munch (1903… Read More

Understand the philosophies of "Leviathan" with this guide to exploring its major concepts. Take your learning up a notch with our expert analysis!Thomas Hobbes British Who was Hob… Read More

Are you curious about the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer? Our comprehensive overview outlines his major philosophy & will to life theory.Arthur Schopenhauer was a German phil… Read More

Do you need to gain a better understanding of René Descartes' philosophical ideas and method of doubt? Get an overview with this guide & get insight into the French philosopher's… Read More

Exploring Dialectical Materialism and its Role in the Class Struggle by Marxism. This post dives deep into Karl Marx's philosophies to provide you with a better understanding of hi… Read More

Dive into the philosophical works of Henri Bergson and explore his unique ideas on time, matter, creative evolution and Laughter. From his insights on evolution to human life as an art… Read More

Dive into the philosophical works of Henri Bergson and explore his unique ideas on time, matter, creativity, and Laughter. From his insights on evolution to human life as an art form, g… Read More

LEIBNIZ ( 1646-1716) modern philosopherGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is one of the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment era. He is best known for his Monadology, a philosophical sy… Read More

 Philosophical LiberalismPhilosophical Liberalism has been influential in shaping modern politics and society. This overview examines the key ideas that make up this philosophical conce… Read More

 An Introduction to John Locke's Political PhilosophyJohn Locke (1632–1704) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Gove… Read More

 Machiavelli the Italian diplomatMachiavelli  was a Florentine historian, politician, military strategist and humanist.THE Renaissance, though it produced no important theoretical… Read More

 The Rise of Science and evolution How did science rise up to so dramatically change our world, and where will it take us in the future? This Article  gives a unique and… Read More

 when did the northern renaissance start and what was the northern renaissance ?IN northern countries the Renaissance began later than in Italy, and soon became entangled with the Refor… Read More

 medieval period timeline 6th to 13th and what was the medieval period  history and philosophy. Content table Dark Ages Medieval Debates Medieval philosoph… Read More

History of Islamic philosopher - Moreover, much of the substance of philosophical thinking in that time and place was an inheritance from philosophy as it developed in the Greek and Rom… Read More

 Franciscan SchoolmenFRANCISCANS, on the whole, were less impeccably orthodox than Dominicans. Between the two orders there was keen rivalry, and the Franciscans were not inclined to ac… Read More

  Mohammedan history, culture and philosophyImportant period in Islamic history - THE attacks upon the Eastern Empire, Africa, and Spain differed from those of Northern barbarians on th… Read More

 The Eclipse of the Papacy Introduction -  THE thirteenth century had brought to completion a great synthesis, philosophical, theological, political, and social, which ha… Read More

 Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh CenturyIntroduction - FOR the first time since the fall of the Western Empire, Europe, during the eleventh century, made rapid progress not subseq… Read More

Western history -The Fifth and Sixth Centuries and barbarian invasionTHE fifth century history The sixth century historyTHE fifth century was that of the barbarian invasion and… Read More

The Twelfth CenturyFOUR aspects of the twelfth century are specially interesting to us: The continued conflict of empire and papacy The rise of the Lombard cities The Crusades… Read More

 Three Doctors of the ChurchFOUR men are called the Doctors of the Western Church: Saint Ambrose, Saint Jerome, Saint Augustine, and Pope Gregory the Great. Of these the first three wer… Read More

JOHN THE SCOT, or Johannes Scotus, to which is sometimes added Eriugena or Erigena (This addition is redundant; it would make his name " Irish John from Ireland." In the ninth century "Scotu… Read More

 Saint Benedict and Gregory the GreatIN the general decay of civilization that came about during the incessant wars of the sixth and succeeding centuries, it was above all the Church th… Read More

  Saint Thomas AquinasTHOMAS AQUINAS (b. 1225 or 1226, d. 1274) is regarded as the greatest of scholastic philosophers. In all Catholic educational institutions that teach philosophy hi… Read More

Medieval history  in Thirteenth Century  (Christianity)IN the 13th century the Middle Ages reached a culmination. The synthesis which had been gradually built up since the fal… Read More

Philosophy and Catholic philosophersCATHOLIC philosophy, in the sense in which Bertrand Russell would use the term, is that which dominated European thought from Augustine to the R… Read More

  The Religious Development of the JewsTHE Christian religion, as it was handed over by the late Roman Empire to the barbarians, consisted of three elements: first, certain philosophica… Read More

 The Papacy in the Dark AgesDURING the four centuries from Gregory the Great to Sylvester II, the papacy underwent astonishing vicissitudes. It subject, at times, to the Greek Emperor… Read More

Christianity history and philosophy During the First Four Centuries  CHRISTIANITY HISTORY, at first, was preached by Jews to Jews, as a reformed Judaism. Saint James, and to a less… Read More

AUGUSTINE (354–430 CE)St Augustine of Hippo, as he is known in ecclesiastical circles, was born in that part of the Roman province of Numidia which is now called Algeria. His mother Mo… Read More

  A very brief synopsis of the political history .Alexander's conquests had left the western Mediterranean untouched, it was dominated, at the beginning of the third century B.C., by tw… Read More

 The Roman Era 27 BCE - 476 CE Roman Empire affected the history of culture.THE Roman Empire affected the history of culture in various more or less separate ways.First: there is t… Read More

PLOTINUS PhilosophyPLOTINUS ( A.D. 204-270), the founder of Neoplatonism, is the last of the great philosophers of antiquity. His life is almost coextensive with one of the most disastrous p… Read More

hellenistic architectureTHE history of the Greek-speaking world in antiquity may be divided into three periods: that of the free City States, which was brought to an end by Philip and Alexan… Read More

 Early Greek Mathematics and AstronomyConcerned in this article with mathematics, not on its own account, but as it was related to Greek philosophy - a relation which, especially in Pla… Read More

Epicurus (341 - 270) BCE"Live a balance life " - epicurus Two great new schools of the Hellenistic period, the Stoics and Epicureans, were contemporaneous in their foundation. Their fou… Read More

 PYTHAGORAS  (570- 495) BCEPYTHAGORAS, whose influence in ancient and modern times is my subject in this article. intellectually one of the most important men that ever lived, both… Read More

 Allegory of the Cave Plato seeks to explain the difference between clear intellectual vision and the confused vision of sense-perception by an analogy from the sense of sight. Sig… Read More

Plato (427-347) BCEIt was Plato who had the greater effect upon subsequent ages. I say this for two reasons: first, that Aristotle himself is an outcome of Plato; second, that Christian theo… Read More

Zeno hailed from Citium on the island of Cyprus, where he was born in 334 BCE. He began adult life as a merchant, but after reading Xenophon’s account of Socrates he decided to study p… Read More

 An introduction to stoicism STOICISM, while in origin contemporaneous with Epicureanism, had a longer history and less constancy in doctrine. The teaching of its founder Zeno, in… Read More

PLATO'S most important dialogue, the Republic, consists, broadly, of three parts. The first consists in the construction of an ideal commonwealth; it is the earliest of Utopias. One of the c… Read More

 Aristotle's metaphysics, roughly speaking, may be described as Plato diluted by common sense. He is difficult because Plato and common sense do not mix easily. When one tries to unders… Read More

 Aristotle (384-322) BCEIN reading any important philosopher, but most of all in reading Aristotle, it is necessary to study him in two ways: with reference to his predecessors, and wit… Read More

 There was a school of thinkers who called into question the very possibility of knowledge.    These were the sceptics.PyrrhoScepticism, as a doctrine of the schools, was… Read More

''Man is political animal'' - Aristotle. ARISTOTLE'S Politics is both interesting and important-testing, as showing the common prejudices of educated Greeks in his time, and important a… Read More

 The Theory of Ideas Our question is: What is a philosopher? The first answer is in accordance with the etymology: a philosopher is a lover of wisdom. But this is not the same thin… Read More

Xenophanes ( 570-475) BCEThere was another philosopher, of less importance, namely Xenophanes. His date is uncertain, and is mainly determined by the fact that he alludes to Pythagoras… Read More

Cynics - Look for the bare necessitiesTHE relation of intellectually eminent men to contemporary society has been very different in different ages. In some fortunate epochs they have been on… Read More

 Hippocrates (460-370) BCEHippocrates of Kos was born in 460 and died in 370 BCE. Hippocrates was a first doctor. According to Hippocrates illness was the resul… Read More

  Aristotle is the father of logic ARISTOTLE'S influence, which was very great in many different fields, was greatest of all in logic. In late antiquity, when Plato was still… Read More

 Thales (624- 546) BCEIn every history of philosophy for students, the first thing mentioned is that philosophy began with Thales, who said that everything is made of water. This is dis… Read More

 Anaximenes (585 - 525)Anaximenes, the last of the Milesian triad, is not quite so interesting as Anaximander, but makes some important advances. His dates are very uncertain. He was ce… Read More

ZENO OF ELEA  (490-430) BCEPlato’s Parmenides and Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of Eminent Philosophers are almost the only sources of information we have about Zeno’s life… Read More

Sophist The word "Sophist" had originally no bad connotation; it meant, as nearly as may be, what we mean by "professor." A Sophist was a man who made his living by teaching young men c… Read More

IN the corpus of Aristotle's works, three treatises on ethics have a place, but two of these are now generally held to be by disciples. the third, the Nicomachean Ethics, remains for the mos… Read More

Heraclitus (535 - 475) BCEA weeping philosopherThe first of these to invent a theory which is still influential was Heraclitus, who flourished about 500 B.C. Of his life very little is… Read More

SOCRATES (469- 399) BCE'' I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think'' - SOCRATES SOCRATES is a very difficult subject for the historian. There are many men concer… Read More

 Empedocles (490-430) BCETHE mixture of philosopher, prophet, man of science, and charlatan, which we found already in Pythagoras, was exemplified very completely in Empedocles, who flo… Read More

 Anaxagoras (510-428) BCETHE philosopher Anaxagoras, though not the equal of Pythagoras, Heraclitus, or Parmenides, has nevertheless a considerable historical importance. He was an Ioni… Read More

Democritus  (460 - 370) BCEDemocritus is a much more definite figure. He was a native of Abdera in Thrace; as for his date, he stated that he was young when Anaxagoras was old, say… Read More

 The strongest army Sparta TO understand Plato, and indeed many later philosophers, it is necessary to know something of Sparta. Sparta had a double effect on Greek thought: throug… Read More

  Anaximander (610 - 546)Anaximander, the second philosopher of the Milesian school, is much more interesting than Thales. His dates are uncertain, but he was said to have been six… Read More