The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History presents a thematic, chronological, and geographical exploration of global art history through The Met collection. Authored by The Met’s experts, the digital publication is a reference, research, and teaching tool conceived for students and scholars of art history. The Timeline currently comprises more than 1,000 essays, 8,000 works of art, 300 chronologies, and 3,700 keywords. It is regularly updated and enriched to provide new scholarship and insights on The Met collection.
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
The Timeline is structured with four components. Essays focus on specific themes in art history, including artistic movements and periods, archaeological sites, empires and civilizations, recurrent themes and concepts, media, and artists. Works of Art celebrate human creativity from around the world and from all eras, and are contextualized chronologically, geographically, and thematically. Chronologies provide a linear outline of art history by geographical region. Each chronology includes up to ten representative works of art, a timeline, an overview, and key events. Keywords—categorized by art movement and style, artists and makers, geography (present-day nation states and historical regions), time period, material and technique, object, and subject matter—further connect chronologies, essays, and works of art.
The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History is funded by the Heilbrunn Foundation, New Tamarind Foundation, and Zodiac Fund.
Additional support is provided by Cynthia and John S. Reed.
Credits
Editors Elizabeth A. Weinfield, Philomena Mariani
Imaging Editor Heather Johnson
Rights and Permissions Julie Zeftel
Contributors
Mark B. Abbe, Daniel Kurt Ackermann, Qamar Adamjee, Jane Adlin, Hwi-Joon Ahn, Maryan Ainsworth, Molly Aitken, Yasmine Al-Saleh, Ellenor Alcorn, James Allen, Denise Allen, Susan Allen, Stijn Alsteens, Ian Alteveer, Dita Amory, Charlotte Appleyard, Atteqa Ali, Alice Apley, Jeffrey Arkenberg, Rebecca Arkenberg, Dieter Arnold, Dorothea Arnold, Julie Arslanoglu, Joan Aruz, Giovanna Assenso-Termini, Birgitta Augustin, Laura Auricchio, Kevin J. Avery, Heather Awan, Katharine Baetjer, Carmen Bambach, Michele Bambling, Elizabeth E. Barker, Peter Barnet, Carrie Rebora Barratt, Michael Barry, Andrea Bayer, Lawrence Becker, Kurt Behrendt, Adrienne Baxter Bell, Peter Bell, Agnes Bencze, Kim Benzel, Hélène Bernier, Monika Bincsik, Yaëlle Biro, George Bisacca, Geoffrey Blundell, Rachel Boate, Barbara Drake Boehm, Andrew Bolton, Alexander Ives Bortolot, Dirk H. Breiding, Nichole N. Bridges, Sarah Brooks, Kathryn Selig Brown, Elizabeth Bryan, Emily Caglayan, Angela Campbell, Thomas P. Campbell, Sheila Canby, Rebecca Capua, Stefano Carboni, John Carpenter, Cristina Carr, Danielle Carrabino, Sarah Cartwright, Emily Casey, Julien Chapuis, Caitlin Chaves Yates, Beth Dincuff Charleston, Neela Chatterjee, Keith Christiansen, Megan Cifarelli, Elizabeth Cleland, Jean Clottes, Heather Colburn Clydesdale, Bryan Cockrell, Julia Cohen, Jacob Coley, Paul Collins, Oriole Cullen, Caroline M. Culp, Elyssa Da Cruz, Magdalena Dabrowski, Giada Damen, Malcolm Daniel, Vidja Dehejia, Dawn Delbanco, Joyce Denney, Walter Denny, Jayson Kerr Dobney, James Doyle, James David Draper, Mindell Dubansky, Christopher Dueker, Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Caitlin C. Earley, Lauren Ebin, Maryam Ekhtiar, Douglas Eklund, Lisa Ellis, Geoff Emberling, Helen C. Evans, Jean Evans, Vincent Falivene, Everett Fahy, Jennifer Farrell, Christina Ferando, Mia Fineman, Ross Finocchio, Peggy Fogelman, Barbara B. Ford, Monique Fowler-Paul, Blair Fowlkes-Childs, Tony Frantz, Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen, Joyce Fung, Susan Elizabeth Gagliardi, Kathryn Calley Galitz, Michael Gallagher, Christine Giuntini, Jessica Glasscock, Madeleine Glennon, Sigrid Goldiner, George R. Goldner, Cybèle Gontar, Shoki Goodarzi, Jared Goss, Sarah Graff, Andrew Greene, Randall Griffey, Alexandra Griffith Winton, Sarah Guérin, John Guy, Navina Haidar Haykel, Charlotte Hale, Robert Hallman, Elizabeth Hammer-Munemura, Benjamin Hebbert, Medill Higgins Harvey, Maxwell K. Hearn, Johanna Hecht, Morrison H. Heckscher, Suzanne Heim, Colette Hemingway, Seán Hemingway, Paul Hemple, Keely Heuer, Herbert Heyde, Nancy Highcock, Marsha Hill, Melanie Holcomb, Lisa Hostetler, Lyle Humphrey, Eileen Hsu, Theresa Huntsman, Edward A. Hunter, Timothy B. Husband, Eleanor Soo-ah Hyun, Sara Ickow, Colta Ives, David Jaffee, Catherine Jenkins, J. Stewart Johnson, Julie Jones, Susan Jones, Yumiko Kamada, Janice Kamrin, Sylvie Kandé, Cindy Kang, Laurence B. Kanter, Kiki Karoglou, Sinéad Kehoe, Nora Kennedy, Trinita Kennedy, Ellen Kenney, Peter M. Kenny, Hae Yeun Kim, Heidi King, Daniëlle O. Kisluk-Grosheide, Laura S. Klar, Harold Koda, Wolfram Koeppe, Steven M. Kossak, Eric Kjellgren, Elizabeth Knott, Linda Komaroff, Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser, Jessa Krick, Deborah Krohn, Emma Kronman, Annie Labatt, Alisa LaGamma, Donald J. La Rocca, Alison Langmead, Soyoung Lee, Denise Patry Leidy, Marco Leona, Francesca Leoni, Sarah Lepinski, J. H. Leopold, Martin Lerner, William S. Lieberman, Amy Liebster, Walter Liedtke, Christopher S. Lightfoot, Rebecca Lindsey, Charles T. Little, Ian Lockey, Joseph Loh, Kent Lydecker, Katherine Manthorne, Marijn Manuels, C. Griffith Mann, Philomena Mariani, Justin Marquis, Richard Martin, Taryn Matusik, Elizabeth Marwell, Mark McDonald, Rosalind McKever, Jessie McNab, Constance McPhee, Jennifer Meagher, Joan R. Mertens, Lisa M. Messinger, Cora Michael, Salwa Mikdadi, Terry Satsuki Milhaupt, Elizabeth J. Milleker, Iris Moon, J. Kenneth Moore, Claudia Moser, Rachel Mundy, Yoshinori Munemura, Nazanin Hedayat Munroe, Jeffrey Munger, Miyeko Murase, Maya B. Muratov, Anne Murphy, Jessica Murphy, Kevin Murphy, Denise Murrell, Oscar White Muscarella, Rachel Mustalish, Nicole Myers, Marden Nichols, Alison Manges Nogueira, Michael Norris, Monica Obniski, Adela Oppenheim, Nadine M. Orenstein, Sara Oshinsky, Maddalena Paggi, Pia Palladino, Giulia Paoletti, Rachel Parikh, James Parker, Diana Craig Patch, Stella Paul, Rebecca Peabody, Amelia Peck, Julia Perratore, Elena Phipps, Carlos A. Picón, Joanne Pillsbury, Lisa Pilosi, Elena Pischikova, Michiel C. Plomp, Stewart S. Pollens, Marla Prather, Shannon Price, Wendy Powers, Stuart W. Pyhrr, Tara Prakash, Rebecca A. Rabinow, Katherine Raff, Olga Raggio, Yelena Rakic, Jan Reeder, Eva Reifert, Nancy Reinhold, Sabine Rewald, William Rieder, Samantha Rippner, Matthew Robb, Allen Roda, Catharine Roehrig, Julia Rooney, Jason Rosenfeld, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Nan Rosenthal, Emma George Ross, Karen Rubinson, Allison Rudnick, Elizabeth M. Rudy, Edmund Ryder, Matthew Saba, Frances Gruber Safford, Miriam Said, Xavier Salomon, Britany Salsbury, Margaret Samu, Jonathan Santa Maria Bouquet, Marika Sardar, Beth Saunders, Ruth Schenkel, Wendy Schoenfeld, Alice W. Schwarz, Deborah Schorsch, Vanessa Sellers, Michael Seymour, Marjorie Shelley, Suzan Slominski, Nicole Slovak, Judith G. Smith, Kenneth Soehner, Jean Sorabella, Jack Soultanian, Amy Sowder, Ira Spar, Femke Speelberg, Freyda Spira, Catherine Springer, Mary Sprinson de Jesús, Perrin V. Stein, Susan Alyson Stein, Wendy A. Stein, Courtney Stewart, Richard E. Stone, Anne L. Strauss, Courtney A. Stewart, Isabel Stünkel, Michael Suing, Elizabeth Sullivan, Zhixin Jason Sun, Luke Syson, Daira Szostak, Geoffrey Taylor, Laura Anne Tedesco, Denise-Marie Teece, Pierre Terjanian, Wendy Thompson, Whitney Thompson, Gary Tinterow, Thayer Tolles, Matthew Thurlow, Rosemarie Trentinella, Jennifer Udell, Suzanne G. Valenstein, Barbara Veith, Clare Vincent, Nicholas C. Vincent, Rashmi Viswanathan, James Voorhies, Jennifer Wagelie, Sheena Wagstaff, Daniel Walker, Ronald Wallenfels, Ian Wardropper, Masako Watanabe, James C.Y. Watt, Melinda Watt, Edith Watts, Virginia-Lee Webb, Melinda Webber, Beth Carver Wees, Emma Wegner, H. Barbara Weinberg, Elizabeth A. Weinfield, Daniel Wheeldon, Veronica White, Francesca Whitlum-Cooper, Elizabeth Williams, Margaret Williams, Anna Willmann, Kristen Windmuller-Luna, Jacob Wisse, Linda Wolk-Simon, Aida Wong, Nancy Wu, Lucy von Brachel, Suzan Yalman, Sylvia Yount, Florica Zaharia, and Karin Zonis
Former Project Staff and Advisors
The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History has involved countless individuals since its inception in 2000.
Executive Production
Andrea Bayer, Thomas P. Campbell, Philippe de Montebello, Deborah Howes, Kent Lydecker, Teresa Russo
Editor-in-Chief
Teresa Lai
Editorial
Michael Cirigliano II, Helena Guzik, Eleanor S. Hyun, Camille Knop, Amy Liebster, Fatima Mahdi, Anne Murphy, Pac Pobric, J. Lasley Poe Steever, Laura Anne Tedesco
Art Director
Natasha Mileshina
Imaging Director
Jackie Neale
Development
CHIPS
Production
Paul Caro, Vincent Falivene, Austin Fisher, Phoebe Ford, Edward Gray, Adam Hart, Kathryn Allen Hurni, Colin Kennedy, Elaine Lee, J. Hamilton Leithauser, Thomas Ling, Michelle Ma, Justin Marquis, Steven Paneccasio, Sung Kevin Park, Anandaroop Roy, Dan Shields, Adam Squires, Indira Wiegand, Karin L. Willis
Production and Editorial Assistance
Alyssa Anker, Micayla Bransfield, Laura Davidson, Anna DePalma, Madeleine Evans, Abigail Fisch, Jane Fischer, Daria Foner, Beata Foremna, Angelica Fox, Agnés Gallifa, Claire Gianotti, Katherine Gibson, Emily Golan, Alexis Gorby, Andrew Greene, Diana Greenwald, Jamie Hoffman, Samantha Hoover, Benjamin Jarosch, Allison Kade, Angela Kim, Bryanna Knotts, Abigail Lapin, Jessica Lempit, Casey Lesser, Ellen Leszynski, Krystal Lin, Ashira Loike, Rachel London, Raechel Lutz, Lisa Mariani, Sean McDonough, Priscilla McOstrich, Sarah Mercurio, Benjamin Miller, Becca Morgan, Jamie Morra, Kelly Mulrow, Omar Mustardo, JuWon Park, Melanie Pollock, Maira Rahman, Elisabeth Rivard, Katia Setzer, Artemis Shaw, Jean Sorabella, Ann Stepanek, Molly Taft, Serena Tchania, Alex Watkins, Chinyan Wong, Anqi Xu
Original Advisors
Stefano Carboni, Susan Chun, Nina McN. Diefenbach, Helen C. Evans, Peter M. Kenny, Amy O’Reilly, Doralynn Pines, Nicholas Ruocco, Teresa Russo, Kenneth Soehner
Other Advisors
Maryan Ainsworth, Dita Amory, Julie Arslanoglu, Carrie Rebora Barratt, Andrea Bayer, Kim Benzel, Yaëlle Biro, Barbara Drake Boehm, Andrew Bolton, Dirk H. Breiding, Rika Burnham, Thomas P. Campbell, Paul Collins, William B. Crow, Jeffrey Daly, Malcolm Daniel, Cristina del Valle, Jayson Kerr Dobney, Susan Eddy, Maryam Ekhtiar, Jean Evans, Kathryn Calley Galitz, Jared Goss, Charlotte Hale, Douglas C. Hegley, Seán Hemingway, Merantine Hens, Melanie Holcomb, Deborah Howes, Edward A. Hunter, Colin Kennedy, Nora Kennedy, Daniëlle O. Kisluk-Grosheide, Alisa LaGamma, Soyoung Lee, Denise Patry Leidy, Marco Leona, Joseph Loh, Marijn Manuels, Lisa M. Messinger, Cora Michael, J. Kenneth Moore, Jonathan Munar, Rachel Mustalish, Christopher Noey, Nadine M. Orenstein, Amelia Peck, Elena Phipps, Yelena Rakic, Catharine Roehrig, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Emily Roth, Deborah Schorsch, Marjorie Shelley, Jack Soultanian, Sree Sreenivasan, Daniel A. Starr, Perrin Stein, Richard E. Stone, Laura Anne Tedesco, Masha Turchinsky, Deborah Vincelli, John Welch, Nancy Wu, Lyn Younes, Florica Zaharia, Julie Zeftel
Special Thanks
Anna Abney, Piotr Adamczyk, Rebecca Akan, Ariel Algus, Farhan Ali, Catherine Allen, Christina Alphonso, Alexis Alvarado, Sofie Andersen, Peter Antony, Mary Arendt, Kathleen Arffmann, Anthony Askin, Damien Auerbach, Michal Bacon, Ann Bailis, Elizabeth R. Baldwin, Michael J. Baran, Linda Barba, Kit Basquin, Stephanie Oratz Basta, Mechthild Baumeister, Rachel Bean, Kay Bearman, Serena Totman Bechtel, Rachel Becker, Chad Beer, Lisa Beidel, Michael Belkin, Elizabeth Bell, Francine Belzer, Steven Bentkowski, Sarah Bergh, Jennifer C. Bernstein, Gowri Bettadahalli, Evelyn Bhatnagar, Deemendra Bheer, Jennifer Turner Bitterman, Katherine Blaney-Miller, Miriam Blieka, Elizabeth Block, Felicia Blum, Stephen J. Bluto, Anne Boberski, Eti Bonn, Linda Borsch, David Bowles, Ria Breed, Einar Brendalan, Christine E. Brennan, Susan Melick Bresnan, Barbara Bridgers, Nancy Britton, Sarah Buchwald, Rebekah Burgess, Faina Burman, Gary Burnett, Lisa Cain, Lisa Candage, Denise Canniff, Cindy Caplan, Andrew Caputo, Christopher W. Carden, Andrew Carpenter, Molly Carrott, Mary Jo Carson, Sarah Cartwright, Fred A. Caruso, Tim Caster, Sondra Castile, Nicholas Cerbini, Margaret Chace, Rona Chang, Amy Yen-Lung Chen, Alisa Chiles, Jennie Choi, Teresa Christiansen, Marc Cima, Michael Cirigliano II, Cynthia Clark, Polly Clark, Erin Coburn, Carly Cohen-Bradshaw, Julie Colchie, Linda Colet, Terri Constant, Helen Cook, Karen Cornwall, Joseph Coscia, Jr., Sharon H. Cott, Christine Coulson, Sarah G. Cowan, Deanna Cross, Nicole Cuenot, Adrienne D’Angelo, Pete Dandridge, Martin Davis, Rob Davis, James Ross Day, Christina De León, Kevin Decatrel, David del Gaizo, Elizabeth del Rosario, Clemence Delannoy, Carolyn Deluca, Annick Des Roches, Claire Dienes, Predrag Dimitrijevic, Lisbeth M. Diringer, Mary F. Doherty, James Dowtin, Shauna Doyle, Kimberly Drew, Fred Duemig, Anne Dunleavy, Richard Duttwyler, Britt Eilhardt, Marian Eines, Amze Emmons, Ariel Estrada, Amy Ettinger, Lisa Evancavich, Lisa Faibish, Priscilla F. Farah, Claudia Farias, Sean Farrell, Rachel Ferrante, Andrew Ferren, Tom Fichter, Rebecca Fifield, Barbara File, Mark Filip, Elisabetta Valtz Fino, Giovanna Fiorino-Iannace, Derek Fischbach, Eileen Flanagan, Robin Fleming, Meredith Fluke, Tavia Fortt, Jean-François de Lapérouse, Mikel Frank, Josephine Freeman, Pamela J. Freeman, Meredith Friedman, Elisa Frohlich, Ethan Fugate, Manus Gallagher, William M. Gagen, Barbara Garces, Sophia Geronimus, Mara Gerstein, Andrew P. Gessner, Elizabeth Gibbons, Jessica Glass, Mary Ann Goldade, Johanna Goldfield, Robert Goldman, Lawrence Goldner, Michael Grantland, Alan Greenwood, Aaron Griffin, Holly Grinnell, Rebecca Grunberger, Emma Guest, Geaninne Gutierrez-Guimaraes, Roger Haapala, Ashley J. Hall, Maria Morris Hambourg, Charles Hansen, Connie Harper-Castle, Melanie Hatz, Tim Healing, Douglas Hegley, Grace Hernandez, Catherine Heroy, Megan Heuer, Ann Heywood, Alex Hills, Sohail Hines, Megan Holloway, Harold Holzer, Morgan Holzer, Therese Hom, Sarah Hornung, Crystal Horn, Lena Howansky, John K. Howat, Ellen Howe, Faith Hutchinson, Cynthia Iavarone, Matthew Imberman, Debra Jackson, Sandra Jackson-Dumont, Jeanie M. James, Michael Jenkins, Marilyn Jensen, Michael Johnson, Adhip Joshi, Dennis Kaiser, Lorraine Karafel, Lucretia Kargere, Marcie Karp, Joan L. Kay, Anna-Marie Kellen, Dorothy Kellett, Daniel Kershaw, Theresa King-Dickinson, Hermes Knauer, Sue Koch, Dennis Kois, Carl W. Koivuniemi, Larry Kooper, William Kopp, Gary Kopp, Ruth Kozodoy, Oleg Kregmer, Debbie Kuo, Edith Kutscher, Billy Kwan, Paul Lachenauer, Bonnie Laesig, Dierdre Larkin, Kerstin M. Larsen, Margaret Lawson, Danielle E. Lee, Oi-Cheong Lee, Carol Lekarew, Karen L. Leskly, Brian Lewis, Wallace Lewis III, Luz Liebeskind, Julia Lillie, John Lindaman, Thomas Ling, Daniel Lipcan, Shi-Yee Liu, Eric Longo, Annette Luba-Lucas, Ricky Luna, Michelle Lussier, Fatima Mahdi, Jody Malordy, Benjamin Mandel, Nancy Mandel, Robert Theo Margelony, Patrice Mattia, Joan Anne Maxham, Tom McCabe, Ruth McCormack, Christine McDermott, Debra McDowell, Missy McHugh, John McKanna, David E. McKinney, Kendall McWilliam, Michelle Melendez, Laura Melnyczenko, Nicholas Merkelson, Emil Micha, Kathy Miller, Jennifer Mock, Esther Morales Cacchione, John F. Morariu, Jr., Matt Morgan, Claire E. Moore, Alyson Moss, Jennette Mullaney, Hanako Murata, Adam Muriello, Anne Murphy, Taylor Newby, Naomi Niles, Anna Ninburg, Elizabeth A. Nogrady, Matthew Noiseux, Connie Norkin, Marina Nudel, Shyam Oberoi, John P. O’Neill, Mirta Oblak, Morihiro Ogawa, Mark Morosse, Karen Ohland, Nykia Omphroy, Shawn Osborne, Leela Outcalt, Adam Padron, Vika Paranyuk, Christina Park, Kendal K. Parker, Christine Paulocik, Derrick Peart, Rojah Peck, Sarah Pedry, Joseph Peknik III, Eric Peluso, Elizabeth Perkins, Mark Polizzotti, Adina Popescu, DeWayne Phillips, Erin E. Pick, Beatrice Pinto, Diana Pitt, Faith Pleasanton, Adam Plonski, Stephanie Post, Sue Potter, Inés Powell, Brittany Prieto, Sara Rabold, Pamela Raboy, Emily Rafferty, Laetitia Raiciulescu, Rajan Raj, Brandie Ratliff, Nancy Reinhold, Meredith Reiss, Kirsten Rendina, Michael Rendina, Lisa Rifkind, Carolyn Riccardelli, Laura Riley, Robie Rogge, Gwen Roginsky, Lucinda Ross, Kamu Romero, Danny Rotondo, Cynthia Round, David Russell, Jeffrey Russian, Nancy Rutledge, Jeanna Salchli, Diana Salzburg, Roland Samieske, Nancy M. Sanford, Wilson Santiago, Tanya Savickey, Catharine Scandalis, Suzanne Rubin Schein, Lesley Schorpp, Robin Schwalb, Arielle Schraeter, Bruce Schwarz, Linda Seckelson, Elizabeth Catherine Seeman, Wren Sellers, Lita Semerad, Aliza Sena, Anna Seroff, George Sferra, Suzanne Shenton, Jenn Sherman, Irina Shifrin, Tatiana Shluger, Amy Silva, Michael Sittenfeld, Joyce Sitzer, Donna C. Smidt, Jeffrey Smith, Koven Smith, Melissa Smith, Soo Hee Song, Jennifer Slocum Soupios, Victoria Vandzandt-Southwell, Denny Stone, Evalyn Stone, Eve Straussman-Pflanzer, Jeffrey W. Strickland, Jeremy Stynes, Eileen Sullivan, Hannah Surujdeo, Gillian Suss, Emily Sutter, Nina Sweet, Linda Sylling, Jacqueline Taeschler, Jane Tai, Osamu Takahashi, Loic Tallon, Stephanie Tan, Don E. Templeton, Jacqueline Terrassa, Becca Tilghman, Eugenia Tinsley, Nancy Thompson, Elyse Topalian, Irma Torres, Eileen Travell, Juan Trujillo, Dale Tucker, Kendra Tyson, Marilynn T. Van Dunk, Emily C. Vanderpool, Denise Vargas, Elena Villaespesa Cantalapiedra, Thomas C. Vinton, Ava Vitali, Beth Vrabel, Jeri L. Wagner, Alice Walker, Anna Wall, Elizabeth Wallace, Mary Walsh, Joshua Waterman, Carol Renée Watson, Christina Watson, Danielle Watson, Robert Weisberg, Barbara Weiss, Renice Wernette, Vivian Wick, Nathaniel Wilcox, Cynthia Wilder, Betsy Wilford, Allison Williams, Ashley Williams, Elizabeth Williams, Eileen Willis, Deborah Winshel, Sandra Wiskari-Lukowski, Gretchen Wold, Stephanie Wuertz, Janice Yablonski, Hwai-Ling Yeh-Lewis, Lori Zabar, Jackie Zanca, Elizabeth Zanis, Devon Zimmerman, Karen Zimmerman, Mary Zuber, Hillit Zwick
Thanks also to individuals from lending institutions:
Florence Aalbers, Helen Abbott, Philip Abbot, Samir Abillama, Yousuf Ahmad, Brahim Alaoui, Gillian Belnap, Anatasia Ahn, Sheherezade Alam, Sofie Andersen, Suad Al Attar, Yousuf Al-Homad, Wijdan Ali, Rafa Al-Nasiri, Paulla Al-Subah, Renata Antoniou, Charlotte Appleyard, Zeina Arida, Azar Ashraf, Mouna Atassi, Beth Bahls, Fabio Barry, Jennifer Bartle, Sarina Basta, Trish Battistin, Andrea Begel, Lindsey Belcher, Nadjib Ben Bella, Catherine Belloy, Amy Berman, Sara Bertrand, Paola Berzanti, Shishir Bhattacharjee, Stacy Bomento, Kamal Boullata, Ruth Bowler, Ines Fialho Brandaon, David E. Bright, Kay Broker, Meredith Brosnan, Carsten Bruun, Jaroslavia Brychtová, Peter C. Bunnell, Francesco Buranelli, Chris Burnside, Bruce Burton, Mary Cain, Christine Campbell, Lydia Carr, Daniel Cheek, Robert Chlala, Wasma’a Chorbachi, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Jean Clottes, Haley Cohen, Angelica Condrau, Jennifer Congregane, Jane Coper, Jennifer Cutler, Sawsan Dajani, Jean-Pierre Dalbera, Ziad Dalloul, Margaret Daly, DeAnn M. Dankowski, Alison Deeprose, Agnes Denes, Bert Denker, Michele Derrick, Anne de Henning, Katie Dobson, Deirdre Donohue, Sally Dummer, Hoda Ebeid, Jumana El-Husseini, Anna Erickson, Ali Omar Ermes, Ekpo Eyo, Barbi Eysselinck, Anna Fárová, Mark Faurer, Elizabeth Feld, David I. Ferber, Leila Feuer, Mary Field, Dorothee Fischer, Ausilia Fortis, Melissa Fournier, Kim French, Holly Frisbee, Jane E. Fujimoto, Georgina Gauntlett, Mary Genkins, Katherine Gerlough, Fedaa Ghanem, Jon Gibson, Megan McKinney Gillespie, Melissa Gold, Amy Gotzler, Andrea Green, Roger Green, Devin Grosz, Amin Gulgee, Andrew Gunther, Karen Haas, Leanne Handreck, Haydn Hansell, Joann Harrah, Fathi Hassan, Dee Vitale Henle, Andreas Heese, Janice Herrmann, Scott Hisey, Lindsay Hooper, Samantha Hoover, Valerie Host, Diane Hudson, Tom Huffman, Rumana Hussein, Sarah Emily Indyk, Ruth Janson, Manon Janssens, Dana Jensen, Ilse Jung, Abbas Kadhim, Paul Kahn, Chiaki Kako, Liliane Karnouk, Mark Katzman, Joumana Kawar, Duryea Kemp, Amalyah Keshet, Christine Kim, You-Kyoung Kim, Claudia Kishler, Hala Kittani, Khalid Khreis, Charles Kline, Christine Kuan, Tom Lasanté, Ghilraen Laue, Jeong Jin Lee, Krzysztof Lenk, Andrea Lermer, David Lewis-Williams, Judy Liu, Eric Longo, Judy Lopez, Honey Luard, Glenn Ludwig, Tim Mackrell, Philippe Maillard, Gordon Maitland, Nalini Malani, Erin Markey, Max Marmor, Shaaron Marrero, Edward Matenga, Vladimir Matveyev, Timothy McCarthy, Bill McMorris, Keith Mendenhall, Michael F. Messina, Andrie Meyer, Andrea Mihalovic, Pamela Miller, Naeem Mohaiemen, Ariele Monzo, Mariko Munro, Victoria Munroe, Nabil Nahas, Moataz Nasr, Amy Neff, Robert Nelson, Eva Neumannová, Richard Newman, Susan Newton, Justyna Niewiara, Dianne Nilsen, Lorie Novak, Mirta Oblak, Eva M. Panek, Marilyn Holtz Patti, David Pearce, Daniel Perrier, Joanne Pillsbury, Mikhail B. Piotrovsky, Barbara Porter, Sue Pregartner, Tracy Puklowshi, James Putnam, Joyce Raab, Nigel Raab, Khalil Rabah, Brandie Ratliff, Chris Rawlings, Michelle Reyes, Faith Ringgold, Nicole Rivette, Cheryle T. Robertson, Harvey Robinson, Gudrun Rüb, Edmund Ryder, Faisal Samra, Ana Garcia Sanz, Mona Saudi, Bertha Saunders, Tamara Sawaya, Julie Scaillet, Hala Schoukair, Mark Schurman, Alisa Schwartz, Elizabeth Schwartz, Josh Schwartzberg, Elke Schwichtenberg, Zeinab Sedira, Manfred Sellink, Mohammed Shammarey, Ismail Shammout, Subhi el Sharouni, Arian M. Sheets, Deema Shehabi, Raja Shehadeh, Ryan Shields, Teresa Shields, Gwang-Seop Shin, Suha Shoman, Michael Shulman, Larry Silver, Bruce Silverstein, Gazbia Sirry, Bianca Slowik, Benjamin Smith, Souvati Louden Smith, Thyrza Smith, Jeanne Solensky, Trisha Sorrells, Shelley Souza, Lou Stancari, Karen Stella, Sarah Stout, Emma Stower, Vivan Sundaram, Deepak Talwar, Tandees Tanavoli, Sian Tiley, Kylie Timmins, Rona Tuccillo, Stephen Urgola, Sarah Urist, Matthew Valentine, Kristina Van Dyke, Kathryn Van Steenhuyse, Christian Vogel, Melania Ortiz Volio, Stephanie Wada, Emma Wagner, Myra Walker, Sara B. Walsh, George Wang, David Waters, Norma Watt, Teresa Watts, Claudia Weber, James Weinberger, Murray Weiss, Fred Wendorf, Katherine Westphal, Randall White, Brad Whitermore, Sarah Louise Wilkinson, Elizabeth Williams, Marije Wissink, Richard Wittman, Monica Wolf, Aysin Yoltar, Jaeyoon Yoon, and Elias Zayat
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