Methods of separation of mixtures into pure substances

There are several methods of separation of mixtures into pure substances. These scientific methods to separate mixtures are selected based on the physical properties of the components in the mixture. 

Here are some common Scientific methods to separate mixtures into pure substance:

Filtration:

Filtration is one of the common methods used to separate solid particles from a Liquid or gas. It is very simple method. In this method we pass the mixture through a filter. Solid particles are trapped in a filter, and the liquid or gas passes through the filter.

Distillation:

Distillation is another common method. This method is used to separate liquids mixture based on differences in their boiling points. The mixture of liquid is heated. Due to heating, liquid start vaporizing. First vapours come of more volatile component, and then these vapours are condensed back into a liquid to collect the pure substance. In this way pure substances are obtained as per volatility of liquid in mixture. 

Evaporation:

Evaporation method is used to separate a soluble solid (like salt) from a liquid. In the evaporation method, the mixture of solid and liquid is heated. As a result of heating, the liquid evaporates completely from the mixture, and leaving behind the solid.

Decantation:

Decantation method is very simple method, which is used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid. Mixture is put undisturbed for some time and after some time the solid settles at the bottom of the container. While the liquid is at the top and this liquid is carefully poured off in another container, leaving the solid behind.

Magnetic Separation:

Magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic materials (such as iron) from non-magnetic substances. A magnet is used to attract the magnetic particles, separating them from the rest of the mixture.

Chromatography:

Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of liquids or gases based on differences in their ability to be absorbed onto a surface or move through a medium. It's often used in laboratories for complex mixtures.

Centrifugation:

Centrifugation is used to separate substances based on differences in their density. The mixture is spun rapidly in a centrifuge, causing the denser components to move outward and settle at the bottom. Centrifugal force plays an important role in separation of substances in centrifugation method. 

Crystallization:

Crystallization is used to separate a solute from a solution by allowing the solvent to evaporate slowly. As the solvent evaporates, the solute forms crystals, which can be separated. Solid crystals can be separated easily, and evaporated solvent also recovered by condensation or cool down scientific methods. 

Sublimation:

Sublimation is used for substances that can change directly from a solid to a gas state without becoming a liquid first. It involves heating the mixture to allow the solid component to vaporize and then collecting it as a solid again.

These scientific methods for separation are chosen based on the specific properties of the substances in the mixture and the desired outcome of the separation process.

Common example of Mixture

Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded. They can be found all around us. Here are some common examples:

• Trail Mix: A combination of nuts, dried fruits, and chocolate chips is a mixture.
• Salad: A salad made with various vegetables, such as lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers, is a mixture.
• Granola: A mixture of oats, nuts, seeds, and sweeteners like honey or maple syrup.
• Air: The air we breathe is a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases.
• Concrete: Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water.
• Salt and Pepper: When you mix salt and pepper together, it's a simple mixture used for seasoning.
• Rocks: A pile of various rocks and minerals is a geological mixture.
• Soil: Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air.
• Beach Sand: Beach sand is a mixture of tiny rocks, shells, and mineral particles.
• Cereal and Milk:  Mixing cereal and milk in a bowl creates a breakfast mixture.
• Ocean Water: Seawater is a mixture of salt, water, and various dissolved minerals.
• Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough: Cookie dough includes a mixture of flour, sugar, butter, chocolate chips, and other ingredients.
• Heterogeneous Soup: A soup with visible chunks of vegetables, meat, or noodles is a mixture.
• Paint:  Paint is a mixture of pigments, solvents, and binders.
• Sand and Salt Mixture on Icy Roads: To improve road traction in winter, a mixture of sand and salt is often spread on icy roads.

These examples show that mixtures can vary widely in their composition and can be found in many aspects of our daily lives, from food to construction materials and natural substances.

Common example of Solution

Common examples of solutions are found in everyday life. Solutions are mixtures where one substance, called the solvent, dissolves another substance, called the solute, to form a homogenous mixture. Here are some common examples:

• Saltwater: When you dissolve table salt (sodium chloride) in water, you create a solution. Salt is the solute, and water is the solvent.
• Sugar in Tea or Coffee: When you add sugar to your tea or coffee, the sugar dissolves in the liquid, forming a sugar solution.
• Lemonade: Mixing lemon juice (solute) with water and sugar (solvent) creates a lemonade solution.
• Soda: Carbonated soft drinks like cola or lemon-lime soda are solutions of flavourings, sweeteners, and carbon dioxide gas in water.
• Vinegar: Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (solute) in water (solvent).
• Rubbing Alcohol: Isopropyl alcohol dissolved in water is a common antiseptic solution.
• Mouthwash: Mouthwash often contains a mixture of alcohol, water, and various active ingredients.
• Diluted Fruit Juices: When you mix concentrated fruit juice with water, you create a fruit juice solution.
• Ink: Many inks are solutions of pigments or dyes in a solvent.
• Aqueous Solutions in Chemistry: In chemistry, various experiments involve creating solutions, such as hydrochloric acid dissolved in water or sodium hydroxide in water.

These examples illustrate the diverse range of solutions encountered in daily life, from beverages and cleaning products to chemical reactions and laboratory experiments.