Chemical Bonding is more common than we think. When you put two magnets together the bonding is what caused them to stick. Another form of Chemical bonding is the metals that make batteries work.
Here I will define and discuss brief and simple explanations for chemical Bonds and types, but the topic is very big, and cannot be covered in one topic, so that some points will be discussed under different categories
such as hybridization between electron orbital, it is a quantum mechanics and should be go for it is category later, in addition to many frequently Questions are answered here.
All definitions are according to international system (IUPAC)
chemistry student must understand basic chemistry concepts and one important chemical basic is the Chemical Bonding system, it is very important to better understand how atoms combined and how compounds formed, do not forget to take note while reading to summarize while reading and save the time.
Definition of bond in chemistry According to IUPAC system definition for the bonds in chemistry and with respect to molecular orbital theory and with help of collision theory in chemistry
What the Chemical bonding is? When two or group of atoms linked by a force they form a new stable independent molecular entity and we say that a chemical bond has been formed
For more simplification: Chemical bonding is a form of chemical interaction between similar or different atoms and molecules due to applied force on those atoms/molecules and bonding formed after a chemical reaction between them and the new bonds formed are forming new chemical compounds differ in the chemical and physical properties than the original bonding or non-bonding of the old atoms/molecules
New chemical bonding characteristics:
How the chemical bond formed?
How to make chemical bonds: Chemical bond is formed after the Electromagnetic forces draw opposite charges of ions together
The electrostatic magnetic force is the responsible of attraction of opposite charges
So we have negative charged particles is electrons orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.
Because the electrons orbiting around the nuclei over the most time so that electrons make an electronic charged cloud that attract atoms to each others
The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases are binding to each part of them using one of those routes: (sharing electrons or transfer electrons between atoms)
Thus what classifying bonding into different types
How Are Chemical Bonds Broken and when chemical bonds are broken what happens?
According to chemical change rules: when two molecules/atoms in a bonding state and then another force applied the bonding may be tend to be broken.
Force may be comes from heating compounds, applying a pressure, radiation or magnetic force, or simply reacting with a new compound, in which old bonds broken and new bonds generated according to molecular orbital theory that mentioned above.
When chemical bonds are broken energy is decreased and the chemical new molecules will be in the stable status.
What happens to energy when chemical bonding occurred?
There is an electron-nucleus energy posse by every atom and after the formation of new bonds the whole system tend to be decreases to reach the stability status
What is the chemical bond length?
Is the distance between atomic centers involves in a chemical bond
Determination of molecular geometry:
The bond length is an effective inter-atomic distance derived from measurements on a number of isotopic molecules, etc.
Experimental methods determined bond length to be usually –
Resonant bonding: that formed due to a phenomena called chemical resonance between electrons of atoms, such as ionic bonds
There is no precise value that distinguishes ionic from covalent bonding, but a difference of electro-negativity of over 1.7 is likely to be ionic, and a difference of less than 1.7 is likely to be covalent
1. Ionic bonding
What is a ionic bond in chemistry and How ionic bonding formed?
Ionic compound is the compound (molecules) that dissociated in the solution into positive charged particles called cations and to negative charged particles called anions, so that when ionic compounds tend to react the chemical bonding formed is called Ionic bonding, in which either one compound (atom/molecule) transfer electron in the outer atomic shell into another compound’s outer atomic shell, and new orbital formed called molecular orbital (this is a postulate of molecular orbital theory), in which the transferred electron orbiting and binding the two compounds by electrostatic force, and this may be called transfer of chemical charges.
Ionic charges are commonly between −3e to +3e
Ionic compound are always metals, but Ionic crystals may contain a mixture of covalent and ionic species, as for example salts of complex acids, such as sodium cyanide, NaCN.
For example: the reaction between sodium cations (Na) and chloride anions (Cl) to form the table salt Sodium chloride (NaCl)
2. Covalent bonding: One atom donate electron and called donor and another atom accept it and called receptor atom
simply formed when two atoms/molecules tend to share two pairs of electrons between them and combined into one compound
Charge in covalent bond are called molecular charge because the covalent bonded compound tend not to give ions in solution
3. Coordinated bonds: is an example of covalent bonds and formed by transferring two lone pair of electrons, but it specializes in the Complex compound formation , in which hyper shaping of electrons occurred and the atoms carried out more that it is allowed charge.
4. Intra-molecular bonds: formed between atoms from different molecules such as ionic and covalent bonds that will be mentioned later in this topic
5. Inter-molecular chemical bonding: occurred between atoms in the same molecule by a force called Van der Waals forces and also are known as dispersion forces
For example: Hydrogen bonding found between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water molecules and it is weak bonds may be broken down by heating
What is he strongest chemical bonding?
Strongest bond is called sigma bonds (represented by the Latin symbol sigma) and come from ionic bonding which form between ions of metals, and called Sigma bonds represented by a single solid line when writing the final formula
Weak chemical bonding and why it is weak bonding?
Weakest chemical bonding is called Bi-bond and formed between organic compounds
Bi-bond may be double bond and represented by two solid straight lines as in Oxygen, every line represents an electron formed the bond
How many bonds binding two atoms/molecules:
This is depending on how many electrons will be enter the interaction between atoms/molecules
Forces are found to bind atoms and molecules to form new compounds and substances, and tend to be in stable status of energy in their atomic orbital.
What is the kind of chemical bonds in Water?
It is ionic bond between hydrogen and oxygen and every two molecules of water have an inter-molecular hydrogen bonding
What is kind of chemical bond formed between organic compounds?
Organic compound form a covalent bonds by sharing lone pair of electron and there fore an donor atom and another receptor atom
What Types of Atoms Usually Form Ionic Bonds?
Metals are the well-know compound that form ionic charged compounds
How complex compounds are forming a chemical bond?
New chemical properties: meant new reaction routes between any chemical reagent and substance, which meant new kinetics, later more on chemical kinetics.
New physical properties: meant a new color, taste, odor, and shape than old or individual atoms/molecules before chemical bonding occurred.
Principal characteristic of a bond in a molecule is the existence of a region between the nuclei of constant potential contours that allows the potential energy to improve substantially by atomic contraction at the expense of only a small increase in kinetic energy.
For Example:
New physical properties: meant a new color, taste, odor, and shape than old or individual atoms/molecules before chemical bonding occurred.
Principal characteristic of a bond in a molecule is the existence of a region between the nuclei of constant potential contours that allows the potential energy to improve substantially by atomic contraction at the expense of only a small increase in kinetic energy.
For Example:
- chemical bonding existing between sodium cations and chloride anions in a crystal of sodium chloride (NaCl). Na atom + Cl atom --after chemical bonding will form a new molecule called Sodium chloride and represented by the chemical formula symbols (NaCl) Formed after a chemical reaction between sodium cation (cation is a positive charged ion)and chloride anion (Negative charged ion).
- or the bonds binding aluminium (AL) to six molecules of water (6H2O) in its environment,
- and even weak bonds that link two molecules of O2 into O4
How the chemical bond formed?
How to make chemical bonds: Chemical bond is formed after the Electromagnetic forces draw opposite charges of ions together
The electrostatic magnetic force is the responsible of attraction of opposite charges
So we have negative charged particles is electrons orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.
Because the electrons orbiting around the nuclei over the most time so that electrons make an electronic charged cloud that attract atoms to each others
The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases are binding to each part of them using one of those routes: (sharing electrons or transfer electrons between atoms)
Thus what classifying bonding into different types
How Are Chemical Bonds Broken and when chemical bonds are broken what happens?
According to chemical change rules: when two molecules/atoms in a bonding state and then another force applied the bonding may be tend to be broken.
Force may be comes from heating compounds, applying a pressure, radiation or magnetic force, or simply reacting with a new compound, in which old bonds broken and new bonds generated according to molecular orbital theory that mentioned above.
When chemical bonds are broken energy is decreased and the chemical new molecules will be in the stable status.
What happens to energy when chemical bonding occurred?
There is an electron-nucleus energy posse by every atom and after the formation of new bonds the whole system tend to be decreases to reach the stability status
What is the chemical bond length?
Is the distance between atomic centers involves in a chemical bond
Determination of molecular geometry:
The bond length is an effective inter-atomic distance derived from measurements on a number of isotopic molecules, etc.
Experimental methods determined bond length to be usually –
So that in can be varied in different determination techniques
For example: in gas-phase electron-diffraction experiments, the bond length is the inter-atomic distance averaged over all occupied vibration states at a given temperature. In an X-ray crystal structural method, the bond length is associated with the distance between the centroids of electron densities around the nuclei. In gas-phase microwave spectroscopy
Later we should talk about A number of empirical relationships between bond lengths and bond orders in poly-atomic molecules, for example, fractional bond number (the Pauling's bond order).
What does it meant by bond number?
The number of electron-pair bonds between two nuclei in any given Lewis formula.
For example, in Ethene Molecule (CH=CH) the bond number between the carbon atoms is two, and between the carbon and hydrogen atoms (C—H) it is one.
Later we should talk about A number of empirical relationships between bond lengths and bond orders in poly-atomic molecules, for example, fractional bond number (the Pauling's bond order).
What does it meant by bond number?
The number of electron-pair bonds between two nuclei in any given Lewis formula.
For example, in Ethene Molecule (CH=CH) the bond number between the carbon atoms is two, and between the carbon and hydrogen atoms (C—H) it is one.
Types of bonds in chemistry and definition of each type with Examples:
Chemical bonds classified into classes according the way they behave in bondingResonant bonding: that formed due to a phenomena called chemical resonance between electrons of atoms, such as ionic bonds
There is no precise value that distinguishes ionic from covalent bonding, but a difference of electro-negativity of over 1.7 is likely to be ionic, and a difference of less than 1.7 is likely to be covalent
1. Ionic bonding
What is a ionic bond in chemistry and How ionic bonding formed?
Ionic compound is the compound (molecules) that dissociated in the solution into positive charged particles called cations and to negative charged particles called anions, so that when ionic compounds tend to react the chemical bonding formed is called Ionic bonding, in which either one compound (atom/molecule) transfer electron in the outer atomic shell into another compound’s outer atomic shell, and new orbital formed called molecular orbital (this is a postulate of molecular orbital theory), in which the transferred electron orbiting and binding the two compounds by electrostatic force, and this may be called transfer of chemical charges.
Ionic charges are commonly between −3e to +3e
Ionic compound are always metals, but Ionic crystals may contain a mixture of covalent and ionic species, as for example salts of complex acids, such as sodium cyanide, NaCN.
For example: the reaction between sodium cations (Na) and chloride anions (Cl) to form the table salt Sodium chloride (NaCl)
2. Covalent bonding: One atom donate electron and called donor and another atom accept it and called receptor atom
simply formed when two atoms/molecules tend to share two pairs of electrons between them and combined into one compound
Charge in covalent bond are called molecular charge because the covalent bonded compound tend not to give ions in solution
3. Coordinated bonds: is an example of covalent bonds and formed by transferring two lone pair of electrons, but it specializes in the Complex compound formation , in which hyper shaping of electrons occurred and the atoms carried out more that it is allowed charge.
4. Intra-molecular bonds: formed between atoms from different molecules such as ionic and covalent bonds that will be mentioned later in this topic
5. Inter-molecular chemical bonding: occurred between atoms in the same molecule by a force called Van der Waals forces and also are known as dispersion forces
For example: Hydrogen bonding found between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water molecules and it is weak bonds may be broken down by heating
What is he strongest chemical bonding?
Strongest bond is called sigma bonds (represented by the Latin symbol sigma) and come from ionic bonding which form between ions of metals, and called Sigma bonds represented by a single solid line when writing the final formula
Weak chemical bonding and why it is weak bonding?
Weakest chemical bonding is called Bi-bond and formed between organic compounds
Bi-bond may be double bond and represented by two solid straight lines as in Oxygen, every line represents an electron formed the bond
How many bonds binding two atoms/molecules:
This is depending on how many electrons will be enter the interaction between atoms/molecules
- Single bond: is a sigma bond, represented by one line (one electron in bonding) as in Hydrogen and metals bonding
- Double bond:to know what is a double bond in chemistry, it is consists of one sigma bond and another Bi-bond, and represents by two lines, as in oxygen an sulfur atoms make bonding by two electrons.
- triple bond: so know we should say what is a triple bond in chemistry, it is consists of one sigma bond and two Bi-bonds, by three lines as nitrogen atom forming bonds by three electrons (valence)
structures and hybridization of electron orbitals upon formation of bonds will be discussed later...
How to write a chemical bond? As all chemistry we coding and symbolizing to save time and simplifying the road of studentsChemical bond represented by virtual line when it needed to representing the bonding state we draw a straight line between two atoms/molecules
Of course there is no real line in the nature but it is a virtual line to illustrate that the two atoms/molecules are in bonding state.
Of course there is no real line in the nature but it is a virtual line to illustrate that the two atoms/molecules are in bonding state.
Single Straight solid line for Sigma bonds
Double Straight solid line for Bi-bonds
Dotted line: we write a dotted line between two parts (atoms/molecules) to represent the molecular bonding is in the transitional state of the reaction
Curved line: is made when we drawing large molecules in the space i.e. 3D
Double Straight solid line for Bi-bonds
Dotted line: we write a dotted line between two parts (atoms/molecules) to represent the molecular bonding is in the transitional state of the reaction
Curved line: is made when we drawing large molecules in the space i.e. 3D
General Chemistry MCQ of chemical bonds with frequently asked questions about the bonds in chemistry
Why do atoms and molecules form a chemical bond?Forces are found to bind atoms and molecules to form new compounds and substances, and tend to be in stable status of energy in their atomic orbital.
What is the kind of chemical bonds in Water?
It is ionic bond between hydrogen and oxygen and every two molecules of water have an inter-molecular hydrogen bonding
What is kind of chemical bond formed between organic compounds?
Organic compound form a covalent bonds by sharing lone pair of electron and there fore an donor atom and another receptor atom
What Types of Atoms Usually Form Ionic Bonds?
Metals are the well-know compound that form ionic charged compounds
How complex compounds are forming a chemical bond?
And what kind of chemical bonds in complex compounds are?
It is binding by a Covalent bond called coordinated bond in which one atom tend to combine multiple atoms or molecules to form large inorganic molecules.
What chemical bonds link the DNA molecules?
It is covalent bonds with inter-molecular bonds
What is a polar bond in chemistry?
Ionic bonds are polar because it have a dipole moment between two atoms in the chemical bond so that it has a polarity that make the compound ionic bonded is electric conductive substance.
What is a non-polar bond in chemistry?
Covalent bonds are non-polar, it is not dissociated into ions and cannot form charged partiles so that compound formed by covalent bond will be non-polar.
When the length of a chemical bond is short?
When the bond be weak.
Hope I was helpful, any questions else will be allowed in the Q&A section... good luck for all students.
Download the definition of chemical bond and all Q&A in PDF: later will be available
It is binding by a Covalent bond called coordinated bond in which one atom tend to combine multiple atoms or molecules to form large inorganic molecules.
What chemical bonds link the DNA molecules?
It is covalent bonds with inter-molecular bonds
What is a polar bond in chemistry?
Ionic bonds are polar because it have a dipole moment between two atoms in the chemical bond so that it has a polarity that make the compound ionic bonded is electric conductive substance.
What is a non-polar bond in chemistry?
Covalent bonds are non-polar, it is not dissociated into ions and cannot form charged partiles so that compound formed by covalent bond will be non-polar.
When the length of a chemical bond is short?
When the bond be weak.
Hope I was helpful, any questions else will be allowed in the Q&A section... good luck for all students.
Download the definition of chemical bond and all Q&A in PDF: later will be available
