Archaeologists from Stockholm University's Archaeological Research Laboratory have located a unique Viking Age shipyard site at Birka on Bjorko in Lake Malaren. The discovery challenges previous theories about how the maritime activities of the Viking Age were organised.
| Replica of a Viking age ship at Birka [Credit: Sven Isaksson] |
"A site like this has never been found before, it is the first of its kind, but the finds convincingly show that it was a shipyard," says Sven Isaksson, Professor of Archaeological Science at Stockholm University, who led the investigations together with Sven Kalmring, associate professor at Stockholm University and expert on ports and urbanisation in the Viking Age at the Zentrum fur Baltische und Skandinavische Archaologie in Schleswig.
The site found consisted of a stone-lined depression in the Viking Age shore zone with a wooden boat slip at the bottom. The finds at the site consist of large quantities of both unused and used boat rivets, whetstones made from slate and woodworking tools. "The finds of artefacts from the area shows with great clarity that this is where people have served their ships," says Sven Isaksson.
| The site found consisted of a stone-lined depression in the Viking Age shore zone with a wooden boat slip at the bottom. The finds at the site consist of large quantities of both unused and used boat rivets, whetstones made from slate and woodworking tools [Credit: Paul Parker/Stockholm University] |
Previous investigations have observed several of the remains before, but it is through the latest finds that it has become possible to take a comprehensive view. "Through systematic survey, mapping and drone investigations, we can now show that Birka, in addition to the urban environment, also has a very rich maritime cultural landscape with remains of everything from jetties to boat launches and shipyards," says Sven Isaksson.
Ships and shipping are characteristic of the Viking Age in the Nordic countries, both for warfare and for trade. One expression of Viking Age long-distance trade is the city-like trading posts that sprang up in the Nordic countries at the time. In Sweden, the best-preserved example is the UNESCO World Heritage site of Birka on Bjorko in Lake Malaren. "It's not just about the first urban environments, but shows an intensive exchange of trade goods and ideas between people," says Sven Kalmring.
| Digital terrain model based on a drone survey and levelled with a GNSS receiver. The colour scale blue - turquoise - bluegreen marks what has been water and beach zone (ca 5,0 - 5,75 m o h) during the Viking Age [Credit: Mathias Friberg, map by Sven Isaksson] |
| Detailed map of Bjorko's northern part with the results of mapping of near-shore remains between Birka’s Black Earth and Korshamn. The features recorded as possible jetty or boat landing remains have a light red fill and are marked 1-9 [Credit: Stockholm University] |
The town ramparts around Birka functioned not only as a defence, but also as a legal, economic and social boundary. Previous investigations of harbour facilities in Birka have mostly been carried out inside the town rampart, in the area known as the Black Earth harbour area, and below the so-called Garrison.
The newly discovered shipyard at *Kugghamn is located, along with a number of other maritime remains, outside Birka's town rampart, along the northern shore of Bjorko. "By investigating various maritime elements in connection with a possible house site in Kugghamn, we are now trying to get an overall view of a very exciting and previously archaeologically completely unexplored environment," says Sven Kalmring.
| Digital 3D model of stone packing in one of the investigated trenches. On top of the stone packing was a layer of sand and originally there was also a wooden boat slip at the bottom. Traces of this can be seen in the form of post-holes and a stone frame at the bottom. View to the south [Credit: Fredrik Lundstrom] |
In order to secure source material that can add nuance to our knowledge of Birka's maritime cultural landscape, the archaeological investigations are continuing. Among other things, the remains of a boat landing site located outside the town rampart are being investigated, similar to the shipyard site and unlike the previously investigated harbour remains in the Black Earth.
Another question the archaeologists are trying to answer is who was allowed to dock were. "Could anyone land anywhere, or did it matter if it was inside or outside the town rampart? There is much to ponder here. But for us, the investigation doesn't end with the fieldwork, we continue in the lab. By using analytical laboratory techniques, we get more information out of the fragmentary source material than is otherwise possible," says Sven Isaksson.
*Kugghamn is a very common name associated with the Cog and Hanseatic period rather than the Viking Age. However, the name can be traced back to an original Kuggholmsudd and does not necessarily point to a harbour location.
The report, "A Viking Age shipyard at Kugghamn, Birka. En vikingatida varvsplats vid Kugghamn, Birka: Arkeologiska undersokningar av L2022:2719, Birka, Bjorko,Adelso socken, Uppland, augusti 2020 och 2021" (in Swedish with abstract in English) is available at: http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1669064&dswid=2583
Source: Stockholm University [June 15, 2022]
