The remains of at least five Ice Age mammoths, including two adults, two juveniles, and one infant, have been discovered at a quarry near Swindon alongside stone tools made by Neanderthals, in what experts are calling Britain’s most significant Ice Age discovery in recent years.
| Archaeologists carefully exposes a mammoth tusk in the sediment [Credit: DigVentures] |
The excavations, which were led by archaeologists from DigVentures, unearthed astonishingly well-preserved evidence at the site, including delicate beetle wings and fragile freshwater snail shells, as well as stone tools and mammoth bones. Research is ongoing to understand why so many mammoths were found in one place, and whether they were hunted or scavenged by Neanderthals.
Dating evidence has revealed that the site was in use around 210,000 – 220,000 years ago, towards the end of a warm period known as MIS7 when Britain was still occupied by Neanderthals, before they were forced away by the increasingly cold temperatures that followed.
| A mammoth tusk is exposed in the sediment [Credit: DigVentures] |
The discoveries are explored in a major new BBC documentary ‘Attenborough and the Mammoth Graveyard’, with Sir David Attenborough and evolutionary biologist Professor Ben Garrod joining DigVentures on site to film the excavations.
With archaeological sites from this period rarely so well preserved, these new discoveries will help archaeologists, palaeontologists, and palaeoenvironmental scientists address big questions about Neanderthals, mammoths, and the impact of a rapidly changing climate on life in Ice Age Britain.
| Archaeologists lift the mammoth tusk to safety [Credit: DigVentures] |
DigVentures began investigating the site after two passionate fossil-hunters, Sally and Neville Hollingworth, spotted a Neanderthal hand axe along with an impressive number of mammoth remains at a Swindon quarry.
Excavations, undertaken across two seasons in 2019 and 2021, revealed further evidence of Neanderthal activity on the site, including small flint tools called ‘scrapers’, which would have been used for cleaning fresh hides.
| The mammoth tusk is conserved in the lab to prevent it from deteriorating [Credit: DigVentures] |
The team also recovered bones including tusks, leg bones, ribs and vertebrae belonging to a species of Steppe mammoth. Smaller and less hairy than their more well-known descendants, the Woolly mammoth, early Steppe mammoths were among the largest with some standing up to 4m tall at the shoulder. The bones recovered by the excavation are quite small, displaying evidence of the species’ decreasing size as temperatures grew colder.
Lisa Westcott Wilkins, Co-founder, DigVentures said: “Finding mammoth bones is always extraordinary, but finding ones that are so old and well preserved, and in such close proximity to Neanderthal stone tools is exceptional. Words can’t quite capture the thrill of seeing a Mammoth Tusk still in the ground, or the feeling of standing in the middle of a site that has the potential to change how we see our closest human relatives and the Ice Age megafauna they shared their world with”
| Flint hand axe made by a Neanderthal [Credit:. DigVentures & Sally Hollingworth] |
“Turning such an exciting discovery into a BBC documentary has made this a once in a lifetime experience, especially working with Sir David Attenborough. It has given us the chance to see the site through his eyes, and to reveal the extraordinary science that goes into each step of discovery” she added.
“There is still so much more to be uncovered here. The collaboration between scientists, landowners, and enthusiasts has been crucial, and we are already looking at how to continue the investigations and are exploring different ways that members of the public might be able to be part of it” she concluded.
| Samples from the different layers of gravel and sediment revealed delicate environmental remains, including freshwater snails and beetle elytra [Credit: DigVentures] |
Duncan Wilson, Chief Executive, Historic England, said: “This represents one of Britain’s most significant Ice Age discoveries in recent years. We have provided over £100,000 to fund the excavations, which have resulted in the discovery of mammoth skeletons, stone age tools, and have provided valuable further insight into Britain’s Ice Age environment. The findings have enormous value for understanding the human occupation of Britain, and the delicate environmental evidence recovered will also help us understand it in the context of past climate change. Through these finds and the research that will follow, we look forward to further light being shed on life in Britain 200,000 years ago.”
Sally Hollingworth said “We were originally hoping to find marine fossils, and finding something so significant instead has been a real thrill. Even better than that is seeing it turn into a major archaeological excavation led by DigVentures, and a BBC documentary presented by David Attenborough. We couldn’t be more pleased that something we’ve discovered will be learned from and enjoyed by so many people”
| Sir David Attenborough and Prof. Ben Garrod examine the mammoth bones from the site [Credit: DigVentures] |
Peter Andrew, Group Director for Hills Quarry Products said “As the landowners, we are delighted to see so much interest in the discoveries from this site and to have facilitated such great research. We have a long-standing relationship with the Hollingworths and provided substantial resources to enable the excavations to take place, and will continue to support future investigations so that more discoveries can be made”
The unusually high preservation of the site means that the team has also been able to recover crucial environmental and dating evidence. Some of the bones are now being examined for evidence of butchery, and further work is being planned at the site.
Source: DigVentures [December 20, 2021]
