Independence Day

 Against the background of complete political instability and the deprivation of capable and patriotic leaders like Quaid-e-Azam and Liaquat Ali Khan, began with a clear wave of happiness and satisfaction among the people. However, the difference in the level of its acceptance among the political leaders and workers of East and West Pakistan was clearly evident. Our Bengali brothers were more politically conscious and democratic than West Pakistan. Therefore, the level of non-acceptance of the implementation of martial law among them was higher compared to this section of West Pakistan, but Ayub Khan did not face any difficulty in getting the required civil support, especially if the Muslim League is the dominant faction of the mind, then the implementation of martial law, then its civil The support proved to be effective support. After three and a half years of martial law, when the regime took the form of a civil-military regime (Ayub Khan remained the supreme commander of the forces in the capacity of field marshal), the ruling party, the Convention, headed by the Muslim League. Tehreek-e-Pakistan activists became Chaudhry Khaliq-Uzaman. Even in the early years of purely martial law, the people martial law administrators of East Pakistan like General Azam made the Bengali brothers digest (at large) martial law as well. 

Like West Pakistan, they had accepted Ayub Khan's (Fard Wahid) constitution of 1962, the electoral government basis of basic democracy to such an extent that it started a limited political process with martial law and its civil government support. So it happened that in contrast to the political instability caused by the change of prime minister in the first decade, political stability and stability appeared in the country. Although the Ayyubid Constitution of 1962's approach to a strong center and its practical form of one unit (one province of West Pakistan instead of four provinces) created a large and fiercely contested opposition in both provinces (eastern and western) and conflicted with provincial autonomy. Constantly made the issue worthy of criticism, but he was not well received by the public. The reason was obvious that on the one hand, the political conspiratorial and weak government environment ended, on the other hand, this decade of industrial and agricultural development and large number of institutionalization of public services led to the process of basic democracy by blurring the far-reaching negative consequences of dictatorship. It was successful in engaging the masses at the surface. The opposition had not boycotted it, but the candidates of the opposition parties were fully active against the government in the nationwide elections of 80,000 BD members (44,400 in each of the two provinces, later this number was increased to 120,000). With this party democratic environment at the lower level, the dictatorship of Fard Wahid in the strong center continued to show its undemocratic color, but the effective development measures and the reform process of some sectors maintained the opposition demand for the restoration of the 1956 consensus constitution, but it was popular among the people. Not allowed. It can be estimated that young politicians like Bhutto, educated in the latest political science from America, were Ayub Khan's real darlings at that time and how many political intellectuals who played a role in establishing the People's Party supported him. Bane remained an effective supporter of the Ayyubid era. In the first years, Ms. Fatima Jinnah, the mother of the nation who became the presidential candidate against Ayub Khan in the 1966 election, was also silent or semi-supportive of Ayub Khan when the era began. Along with the agricultural and industrial revolution and institutionalization, the Press and Publications Ordinance, 1962, the establishment of the National Press Trust by taking many independent newspaper organizations under government custody, the use of censorship and pressure tools on newspapers from time to time, the frequent opposition leaders and The roundup of insolent poets and preachers and the imprisonment and hardships of revolutionary-minded political activists, above all the complaints and demands of electoral rigging, the West Pakistani dominance over the bureaucracy and the military arising from East Pakistan, and inequality in budget development projects. started gradually and then rapidly increasing the distance between the two arms of the country. It is also true that India was careful to take advantage of it. Succeeded in establishing constant contacts with Hindu professors, students and radical anti-regime political activists of New Delhi University and in propagandizing the distance between the two provinces.

The Agartala Conspiracy Case: 

Quite rightly, and the setting up of a tribunal on it, was a case that made Mujibur Rahman popular among the common Bengalis. The 1964 elections saw intense protests and open government violence in East Pakistan, Karachi and Hyderabad. The opposition accused Fatima Jinnah of defeating him, but in the Indo-Pak war of 1965, Ayub Khan's political position was temporarily restored with the support of the entire opposition, but at large in West Pakistan and to a large extent in East Pakistan as well. became heroes, but Foreign Minister Bhutto's vague but persistent protest against the Tashkent Agreement and its follow-up, the student protest movement led by Sheikh Rasheed against the regime in Rawalpindi, when it became a national movement for restoration of democracy, became the opposition's President Ayub Khan soon became "mortally sick" due to severe pressure. The United Opposition succeeded in gaining popular support for the demand for the abrogation of the constitution drafted by Fard Wahid and the Ayyubid model of politics and governance under it. Negotiations with the government of the Democratic Action Committee and beyond the pressure of the agitational politics of Mutwazi Bhutto and Maulana Bhashani and the growing popularity of the accused Mujeebur Rehman against the Tala conspiracy case in East Pakistan led to the release of Sheikh Mujeeb. Talks at the request of the Democratic Action Committee

Steam Economy and Pakistan