As rising coronavirus instances pushed some states to reverse course and reimpose shutdown orders on companies, 1.3 million workers filed new claims for state unemployment benefits last week, the government reported on Thursday.

The number of new claims has been declining since early April, but the weekly total is still far above records from previous downturns.

Another one million new claims were filed last week under the federal Pandemic Unemployment Assistance program, which is designed to funnel jobless benefits to freelancers, self-employed and other workers normally ineligible for state unemployment insurance.

Hiring nationwide has picked up in recent weeks, and the overall jobless rate dipped in June to 11.1 percent from a peak of 14.7 percent in April. But most of the payroll gains were because of the rehiring of workers temporarily laid off. The pool of workers whose previous jobs have disappeared and who must search for new ones has grown.

“Their circumstances may be more challenging to rectify than those who were laid off because of a temporary closure,” said Elizabeth Akers, who was a staff economist with the Council of Economic Advisers under President George W. Bush. “Finding new jobs will be more difficult. There’s been scarring in the economy.” — Patricia Cohen

With millions of Americans out of work because of the coronavirus pandemic, recent data from employment sites points to the split between temporary and permanent layoffs. At ZipRecruiter, for instance, the number of new jobs posted declined last week for the fourth week in a row.

“Recent jobs reports are encouraging, but the increase in employment entirely reflects rehires of workers on temporary layoff,” said Julia Pollak, ZipRecruiter’s labor economist. “The recovery in new hiring has yet to begin.”

Quirks in counting combined with a winnowing of backlogged jobless claims may artificially inflate the total number of individuals who are out of work. The June unemployment report showed 15 million fewer jobs than in February. A Labor Department report on Thursday showed that 18 million people were collecting state unemployment insurance the week ending June 27.

Further muddying the picture last week were the Fourth of July holiday and a four-day workweek, which may have held down the total number of claims.

Any way you look at it, though, the damage to the nation’s labor market is still staggering, and improvements in the economy have been tepid and uneven. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development said this week high unemployment would probably persist in the United States and other developed countries at least until 2022. — Patricia Cohen

Mecklenburg Paint Company in Charlotte, N.C., is one of the businesses that have been able to rehire workers temporarily laid off because of the coronavirus pandemic.

The spring paint season was just starting up when coronavirus hit, said Liz Etheredge, the chief executive of Mecklenburg, a family business started more than three decades ago by her late husband.

“Oh, gosh, things just pretty much stopped,” said Ms. Etheredge, whose company also handles property management.

She helped most of her 30 employees apply for unemployment benefits, which she said was time-consuming and confusing. “One day I waited on hold for three hours to reach somebody” with the state to work out glitches with benefit applications, she said, “and then another day I waited two hours.”

She applied for a federal Paycheck Protection Program loan, hoping to avoid permanently laying off painters.

“It came just in time,” said Ms. Etheredge, who was able to avoid using up her savings.

She has put everyone back on the payroll, paying for it with her loan money, so she expects the entire amount will be forgiven.

“I just worry how this country is going to pay it all back,” she said. — Patricia Cohen

More than 117,000 people filed for unemployment benefits in Texas last week, a jump of more than 20,000 from a week earlier. It was the second straight weekly increase and the highest number of new filings since late May, although still below the peak in early April.

Economists are watching Texas closely because it is one of several states where a jump in coronavirus cases has led to a new round of business closings and other restrictions. A wide range of indicators recently have suggested that the economic rebound is losing momentum in states where virus cases are rising quickly.

Thursday’s unemployment data didn’t paint a clear picture, however. New filings fell in Oklahoma, Florida and other virus hot spots, and rose only slightly in Arizona. Claims rose in New Jersey and New York, states where the virus is comparatively under control. And economists caution against reading too much into week-to-week changes in state filings, which can be volatile. — Ben Casselman

Stocks rose on Thursday, as investors were encouraged by some positive earnings announcements and another day of rising stocks indexes in China.

The S&P 500 climbed slightly in early trading. In Europe, most of the major indexes were in positive territory, led by Germany’s DAX, which gained more than 1 percent.

As coronavirus cases surge in the United States, investors have been watching for clues that the spike, and new efforts to control it, are hitting the economy.

On Thursday, filings for state unemployment claims came in lower than expected for last week. Labor Department data showed that 1.3 million people sought benefits last week, which is lower than the 1.37 million expected by economists and below last week’s 1.43 million.

Although new claims in the Labor Department’s tally have been declining since early April, the weekly total has not dropped below a million since the coronavirus pandemic started — levels that are far above previous records. Still, the continuing drop might be taken as good news by those who expected filings to stay high or even rise because the recent surge in new coronavirus cases has prompted some states to reimpose shutdown orders.

Lifting shares in Europe, the tech giant SAP gained nearly 8 percent after it reported that revenues and operating profit slowly rose in the second quarter. SAP, a Germany-based software maker, said software license revenue, a main source of income, “recovered more than expected” in the quarter. Operating profit increased by 7 percent.

Technology stocks have been leading the rally in stocks lately, because they’re seen as beneficiaries of changes brought on by the coronavirus pandemic — with more people working from home and shopping online. They’re also well insulated from the economic downturn because of large stockpiles of cash. On Wednesday, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon and Facebook all hit records.

In China, the Shanghai composite rose by 1.4 percent — its eighth straight daily gain — leading other Asian markets. China has been encouraging more people to buy shares, pointing to potential bargains as the world’s second largest economy emerges from the pandemic. — Kevin Granville and Mohammed Hadi

• Boots, a large British drug store chain, said Thursday that it planned to lay off more than 4,000 people, about 7 percent of its work force, as it closed optician stores and reorganized its head office. Last quarter, sales for Boots UK dropped 27.7 percent. Also, John Lewis, a British retailer, said it would permanently close eight department stores, leaving 42 stores and putting 1,300 jobs at risk.

• Sur La Table, the upscale cookware company, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on Wednesday. In court filings, the company said it expected to sell more than half of its locations to Fortress Investment Group, and would also shutter 51 of its 121 U.S. stores.

• Bed Bath & Beyond said on Wednesday that it would permanently close 200 stores over the next two years, starting later this year, as it tries to weather the coronavirus pandemic. The retailer said sales plunged by almost 50 percent in the last quarter despite a surge in online sales.

When you’re essentially confined to your house for weeks, you have a lot of time to think.

Paul B. Brown, in an essay for The Times, says that after thinking most about the health and safety of his friends and family, he found himself obsessing about his own finances: Like so many others, he had a big problem.

As a freelance writer, he says, he lost most of his income virtually overnight, putting him in the same situation as tens of millions of people whose paychecks vanished.

Because he followed the financial advice he’s reported on for years, he wasn’t in terrible shape, he says, with an emergency fund and a respectable portion of his portfolio in medium-term bond mutual funds, which held up well while the stock market plummeted.

But now he has resolved to learn from this crisis and do some major tweaking of his finances. Among his resolutions: Keeping more cash on hand, working harder to reduce debt, making a plan on how to use his Social Security payments, and trying to save more.