12th Chemistry Practical Book

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Because the better the practical copy you prepare, the examiner checks the copy accordingly, and the better the practical, the better the marks will be given by the examiner. Good marks have special importance in board exams because the marks obtained in practical tests are also added to the result of board exams.

That’s why you will also need its notes to get the best marks in practicals. So if you want to score maximum marks in the class 12 board exam then you have to score maximum marks in its practicals also. That’s why through this article of ours you can get the Class 12th Chemistry Practical Book PDF format.

This PDF will help you a lot in your practice exams. Because in these notes, all the questions asked in the practical exam of UP Board Class 12 Chemistry subject have been given along with their answers, so you do not need to put much effort into making a practical copy.

12th Chemistry Practical Book PDF – Benefits

UP Board Class 12th Chemistry Practical Book PDF

The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group.

Many halogen-containing organic compounds occur in nature and some of these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds.

Chlorine-containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. Our body produces the iodine-containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goitre.

Synthetic halogen compounds, viz. chloroquine are used for the treatment of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery. Certain fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes
in surgery.

In this Unit, you will study the important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses of organohalogen compounds.

These may be classified as mono, di, or poly halogen (tri-, tetra-, etc.) compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen atoms in their structures. For example, Monohalocompounds may further be classified according to the hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded, as discussed below.

This class includes (a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X) In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R).

They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X. They are further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the nature of the carbon to which halogen is attached.

If halogen is attached to a primary carbon atom in an alkyl halide, the alkyl halide is called primary alkyl halide or 1° alkyl halide. Similarly, if halogen is attached to a secondary or tertiary carbon atom, the alkyl halide is called secondary alkyl halide (2°) and tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, respectively.

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp3 -hybridised carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) i.e. to an allylic carbon.

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to the hydroxyl group of alcohol and is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride.

Thionyl chloride is preferred because in this reaction alkyl halide is formed along with gases SO2 and HCl. The two gaseous products are escapable, hence, the reaction gives pure alkyl halides. The reactions of primary and secondary alcohols with HCl require the presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2.

With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is conducted by simply shaking the alcohol with concentrated HCl at room temperature. Constant boiling with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromide.

Good yields of R—I may be obtained by heating alcohols with sodium or potassium iodide in 95% orthophosphoric acid. The order of reactivity of alcohols with a given haloacid is 3°>2°>1°. Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide are usually generated in situ (produced in the reaction mixture) by the reaction of red phosphorus with bromine and iodine respectively.

The preparation of alkyl chloride is carried out either by passing dry hydrogen chloride gas through a solution of alcohol or by heating a mixture of alcohol and concentrated aqueous halogen acid. The above methods are not applicable for the preparation of aryl halides because the carbon-oxygen bond in phenols has a partial double bond character and is difficult to break is stronger than a single bond (Unit 11, Class XI).

From alkanes by free radical halogenation Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex mixture of isomeric mono- and polyhaloalkanes.

How to use Chemistry Practical File PDF

You are advised not to copy it as it is. First, study the practical file carefully. It will give you some ideas about how you can create your own file. Read and study your chemistry textbook carefully. After that start to write the content in your handwriting.

If you want to be successful in any field, you have to work hard. And the same is in the way of your 12th class examination. Your aim should be to get high marks in the Practical Exams. It will help you to improve the overall percentage of your subject.

If you just download, copy, and write the Practical Notes without doing any hard work and practice, you can not get a good knowledge of Chemistry.

First, study your Chemistry subject carefully. Do hard work. Write your practical file yourself. It will help you to prepare for your theory part of the exam as well. And ultimately you will get good marks in your exams.

Further, we would like to say that you should do some experiments. You should take the help of your teacher in conducting experiments. It will help you better learn and understand the Chemistry subject.