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Major Depressive Disorder Recurrent Severe Without Psychotic Features Symptoms

Major depressive disorder, also known as clinical depression, is a severe mood disorder. It causes persistent or extended periods of depressed mood, which can affect daily life. A person with major depressive disorder (MDD) or clinical depression — will experience a persistently low mood for 2 weeks or more and a loss of interest in activities they usually enjoy. Individual symptoms may include sleep problems, fatigue or loss of energy, changes in appetite, or difficulty concentrating.There are different types of depression, including major depressive disorder with psychotic features.Share on PinterestSymptoms of major depressive disorder can include anxiety, sleep problems, irritability, and feelings of hopelessness.There are several types of major depressive disorder, and each has slightly different symptoms that may occur at certain times in a person’s life.Types of major depressive disorder include:Major depression with seasonal pattern: A person may experience this form of depression in winter months due to a lack of sunlight.Major depressive disorder with peripartum onset: Up to 6% of women will experience an episode of depression during pregnancy or in the first year after giving birth.Major depressive disorder with psychotic features: A person experiences delusions or hallucinations alongside other symptoms of depression.The type, length, and severity of symptoms vary between individuals.When diagnosing depression, a doctor will use a questionnaire to evaluate symptoms as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Clinical depression can affect anyone, but common symptoms change slightly between age groups. There are separate questionnaires for children and adults.A diagnostic questionnaire asks how symptoms have affected the person over the previous 2 weeks.There are five ways a person can respond to each symptom, ranging from no effect to causing problems almost every day.An evaluation for depression might include questions about other psychological features, including:angermaniaanxietysomatic symptomssuicidal ideation or attemptpsychosissleep problemsrepetitive thoughts and behaviorssubstance usePsychiatric domains for children and teens also include irritability and attention. Adult domains include personality function, memory, and dissociation.Questions about symptoms are categorized under psychiatric domains.Children and teens (age 6–17)For those aged 6–17, an assessment would ask about some of the following symptoms:experiencing physical aches or painsfrequently concerned about health or feeling unwellsleeping problemsdifficulty paying attentionhaving less fun than normalfeeling sad or depressed for several hoursbecoming easily annoyed or irritatedstarting more projects or taking more riskshaving lots of energy with unusually little sleepfeeling nervous, scared, or anxiousavoiding doing things because they cause nervousnesshearing voices when no one is therehaving a vision while awakethinking of self or others doing something bad or having something bad happenfrequently feeling an urge to check on thingsfeeling a need to do something in a specific way to prevent anything bad from happeningAn evaluation might also ask if the child has engaged in any of the following risky behaviors:consumed alcoholsmoked, “snuffed,” or chewed tobaccoused drugs, e.g., cannabis, ecstasy, cocainetaken medicine without a prescriptionmentioned thoughts of suicideA thorough evaluation will also ask if the child has ever attempted suicide.Adults (18+)When evaluating adults, specific questions will inquire whether the person has experienced symptoms in the previous week. The evaluation will also inquire as to the duration and intensity of these experiences:The questions focus on how often a person has experienced these symptoms in the past week:Symptoms include:experiencing a lack of interest or pleasure in activitiesfeeling low, depressed, or hopelessfeeling irritated, grouchy, or angrysleeping less but lots of energystarting projects and taking more risks than normalfeeling nervous, anxious, scared, or on edgefeeling frightened or panickedavoiding situations that cause anxietyexperiencing physical aches or pains with no known causefeeling others are not taking the person’s illnesses seriously enoughconsidering self-harmhearing things that others cannotfeeling others can hear their thoughts or vice versahaving problems sleepingexperiencing difficulty with orientation or memoryhaving recurring unpleasant thoughts, images, or urgesfeeling the drive to complete mental or physical acts repeatedlyexperiencing a separation from self, body, memory, or surroundingsfeeling confused about self or what to get out of lifefeeling distant from othersconsuming more alcohol than usualsmoking, “snuffing,” or chewing tobaccotaking drugs or medication without a prescriptionOlder adultsAs people get older, they may develop dementia and other neurological conditions. These can cause symptoms that resemble those of depression.For this reason, doctors may find it challenging to diagnose depression in older adults.Depression may develop with time, or an event or a combination of factors may trigger it. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), some possible causes include.Genetics, biology, and environmentGenetics: Like other mood disorders, genetics can cause clinical depression. People are more prone to the disorder if members of their family experienced it. Biology: According to a 2018 article, changes in brain structure can occur as a person ages. This may increase the risk of depression.Environment: Environmental factors — such as trauma or a significant loss — may trigger stress, anxiety, and depression in people who have genetic features that increase their risk. Brain chemistryResearch suggests that in some people, a chemical imbalance in the brain causes depression. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illnesses (NAMI), during depression, the brain’s pituitary gland and hypothalamus respond differently to hormone stimulation, and activity in the frontal lobe of the brain may also decrease.HormonesThe Office on Women’s Health (OWH) state that hormonal changes increase the risk of clinical depression, particularly in females.The risk may be higher:Changes in the balance of the hormones progesterone or estrogen can affect the likelihood of depression, according to the OWH. Medical illness An article in the Chonnam Medical Journal indicates that depression can start after a person experiences a physical condition, such as a stroke, heart attack, or cancer.The article notes that this is common if the illness has a high mortality rate or causes significant changes to a person’s lifestyle.Treating depression may involve lifestyle changes, therapy, medication, or a combination of strategies.MedicationDepending on the person’s symptoms, a doctor may prescribe:There are different types of antidepressants. It usually takes 2–4 weeks before results start to show.If a person’s symptoms have not reduced after trying at least two different types of antidepressant medication, a doctor may prescribe the nasal spray esketamine.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have recently approved esketamine for a person to use alongside antidepressants.TherapyPsychotherapy is a key strategy for treating depression.NIMH indicate that there are many types of psychotherapy, including:counseling to address a specific issue, such as bereavementcognitive behavioral therapy, which helps a person understand how their thinking can affect their behavior and moodSome people find that depression resolves after a few months of attending psychotherapy, while others need treatment for several years.Learn more about the different types of psychotherapy here.Brain stimulation therapyBrain stimulation therapy techniques may help if other approaches are not effective.Options include:These methods can help people whose symptoms have not responded to other treatments.Lifestyle changesA healthful, active lifestyle may help a person manage depression. According to a 2019 review, exercising may prevent depression from recurring, but scientists need to conduct more studies to support this.Researchers are still unsure exactly how much exercise a person should do to prevent symptoms of depression. This is because most exercise guidelines aim to keep the body physically fit, with less focus on the mind.Many factors increase the risk of depression, including:genetic factorsexperiencing major life changestraumawork-related and other types of stressphysical illness and recoverythe use of certain medicationsinsulin resistanceDepression can affect a person’s physical, social, and mental well-being. It can lead to challenges in many areas, including:relationshipswork and educationfinancesIn some cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or self-harm, and even suicide attempts.The family and friends of a person with depression can support them by learning more about their condition and helping them follow their treatment plan.A person should seek medical attention if they notice symptoms of depression, such as a low mood that lasts for 2 weeks or more.For many, seeking help can feel intimidating. However, depression is a widespread health problem, and a doctor will be able to suggest treatment strategies. Not seeking treatment can lead to further complications.Depression affects people differently. With treatment, some people find it resolves within weeks or months. Others may need treatment for several years.It can take time to find a treatment plan that works, but many people find their symptoms respond well to a combination of therapy and medication.It is not always possible to prevent depression, but when a person knows their triggers and can recognize when an episode starts, it may be easier to take action.As soon as a person notices the signs and symptoms of depression, they should seek medical help. Starting treatment early can help prevent depression from becoming severe.According to NIMH, major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States. It can have a severe impact on daily life.Treatment plans may include therapy, medication, and lifestyle measures.A doctor can help each individual to find a strategy that works best for them.

Video about Major Depressive Disorder Recurrent Severe Without Psychotic Features Symptoms

Major Depressive Disorder | DSM-5 Diagnosis, Symptoms and Treatment

Lesson on major depressive disorder diagnosis symptoms, etiology and treatment. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders wherein a patient has a depressed mood and/or loss of interest for at least 2 weeks. MDD has various etiologies including genetic, neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and psychosocial Causes. Treatment for MDD includes SSRIs, SNRIs and ECT and phototherapy for specific cases of MDD.

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