Crystals are built up of regular arrangements of atoms in three dimensions, these arrangements can be represented by a repeat unit of motif called the unit cell. The unit cell is defined as the smallest repeating unit which shows the full symmetry of the Crystal structure. Crystal chemistry combines the basic structural information about the elements, their principal oxidation state, ionic radii, coordination requirements and preferences for ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.

On the other hand, Galvanic cells are electrochemical cells in which current flows spontaneously because of the strong tendency for the chemical species involved to give and take electrons. Electrochemical cells are of two basic types, galvanic cells and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cell which is also called voltaic cell and commonly known as batteries. A battery is an electrochemical cell, a device for interconverting chemical and electrical energy.

What are Crystals made of?

Crystals are solids in which the atoms are arranged in a periodic repeating pattern that extends in three dimensions. While all crystals are solids, not all solids are crystals. A crystal is made up by arranging the corresponding unit cells in three directions. If there is an order in the repetition of this unit cell arrangement in space, then only its crystalline nature is manifested.

Crystals are solids in which the atoms are arranged in a three dimensional repeating periodic structure. In Crystal Structure, there are obviously a number of different lattice arrangements and unit cells present. A crystal is made up of atoms or molecules that form a pattern that is repeated periodically in three dimensions. The smallest repeat unit found within the crystal is called the unit cell.

Working Principle of Galvanic Cell

The galvanic cell is an electrochemical energy storage system. Electrochemical energy storage is based on the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. The working principle is based on the spatial separation of a redox reaction into oxidation and reduction reaction.

• Considering the discharge processes the spontaneous event during the galvanic cell operation, the electrode where oxidation occurs is called anode (negative electrode) while reduction takes place on the cathode (positive electrode).
• The ionic contact of the electrodes are connected to an external load with the help of an electron conductor where electrons will be moved from the anode side towards cathode half-cell, meanwhile they provide electrical work. For the charge neutrality ions will be diffused in the electrolyte phase.
  

In primary cells the electrochemical redox reaction is non-reversible; however it must be ideally highly reversible for secondary that is rechargeable batteries.

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