2024-02-16 07:59
Antepartum Haemorrhage (APH)
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is defined as vaginal bleeding after the 20th week of pregnancy. APH is associated with increased foetal and maternal morbidity and… Read More
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2024-02-07 06:19
A high index of suspicion and proper history is important, especially amongst children born prematurely, those born with low birth-weight, those born after difficult delivery, those who deve… Read More
2024-01-15 13:36
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Clinical Features
Gastrointestinal bleeding may present as blood in vomitus or in stool. In either case, there may be frank red blood or altered blood that would ap… Read More
2023-12-11 03:06
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
These are communicable diseases that are usually transmitted through sexual contact between man and woman (heterosexual), and between sexual deviants… Read More
2023-12-06 11:09
Status Epilepticus
Clinical Features
A succession of seizures without regaining consciousness between attacks or one prolonged convulsion lasting 30 minutes or more. Status epilepticus can o… Read More
2023-11-27 11:29
A seizure is defined as a paroxysmal involuntary disturbance of brain function that may result in loss of consciousness and abnormalities in movement, behavior, or sensation. Seizures can re… Read More
2023-11-20 07:21
GYNAECOLOGY
This section involves mainly the cohorts of pregnant women and the newborn, adult women of reproductive age (WRA), postmenopausal women, and sometimes infants and children in rel… Read More
2023-11-13 09:50
Rates of growth: Rate of growth is highest in the first year of life and gradually reduces thereafter until child reaches puberty when there is another growth spurt that lasts 2-5 years.
Wei… Read More
2023-11-07 07:44
Postnatal care can be given at all levels by a skilled provider appropriately supported. Postnatal care is the care of the woman in the immediate postpartum period and within 6 weeks of deli… Read More
2023-10-28 20:12
Family planning (FP) means that “everyone should plan their family so that all children are born when wanted, expected, and welcome”. The health benefits of family play a major r… Read More
2023-10-14 09:14
This refers to ulceration of gastric or duodenal mucosa that tends to be chronic and/or recurrent.
Clinical Features of Duodenal Ulcer
Duodenal ulcer has the following features:
Presents wit… Read More
2023-07-21 06:08
Health services providers should sensitize community members on symptoms of gynaecological cancer and advise them to seek help from health facilities. Women should also be encouraged to have… Read More
2023-07-20 01:27
This is an artificial opening into the trachea through the neck in order to bypass an obstruction of the airway and/or to provide access to the lower airway to facilitate ventilatory support… Read More
2023-07-19 01:40
Infections of the bones and joints are often seen in children. They commonly follow septicaemia although occasionally may result from a penetrating injury. In children with sickle cell disea… Read More
2023-07-18 08:06
Bacterial infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate, cost-effective treatment are essential. Incorrect and overuse of antibiotics facilita… Read More
2023-07-15 03:44
These are syndromes arising out of repeated maladaptive use of substance. A substance is defined as any chemical with brain altering properties. Substance abuse disorders are characterized b… Read More
2023-07-13 19:02
Suicide is an unsuccessful attempt to end one’s own life. It is more common in adolescents following severe social problems or stress. A suicide attempt is used as a desperate attempt… Read More
2023-03-21 18:24
Child Health
It is the responsibility of all health care providers to ensure that the children in their catchment area are kept as healthy as possible. Many child health programmes are cov… Read More
2023-02-21 10:27
Clinical Guidelines For Eye Care
In Kenya eye diseases are ranked eight among the top 10 causes of morbidity.Blindness prevalence is estimated at 0.7%. At the current population this… Read More
2023-02-20 21:58
Epistaxis
Bleeding through the nose, due to nose picking, trauma (fall in games, assault, etc.), nasal and paranasal neoplasms, nasal infection, systemic derangements,, e.g., acute fevers, h… Read More
2023-02-02 15:46
The eye is a delicate external organ and it is easy for it to be injured. Eye injuries are generally classified as penetrating and non penetrating and include corneal and conjunctival foreig… Read More
2023-01-24 20:35
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to supply output that is sufficient for the metabolic needs of the tissues, in face of acute venous return. Common causes of heart failure are h… Read More
2023-01-24 06:08
A high index of suspicion and proper history is important, especially amongst children born prematurely, those born with low birth-weight, those born after difficult delivery, those who deve… Read More
2023-01-23 08:38
This is an infection of mastoid air cells and mastoid bone occurring as a complication of an acute otitis media or chronic suppurative otitis media.
Clinical Features
There is a painful swel… Read More
2023-01-21 12:10
Glaucoma is associated with approximately 25,000 blind cases in Kenya
Clinical Features
There is unexplained gradual decrease in central or peripheral vision
In children, the corneal is bigg… Read More
2023-01-20 08:40
Aetiological factors
Trauma
Inflammatory, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, etc.
Degenerative: Spondylosis (degenerative disease), prolapsed intervertebral disc, spondyloli… Read More
2023-01-19 08:42
This is an acute infection of the joint space.
Aetiology
Haematogenous spread from a primary focus elsewhere in the body.
Directing penetrating injuries onto the joint.
Extension of infectio… Read More
2023-01-18 08:05
This is an artificial opening into the trachea through the neck in order to bypass an obstruction of the airway and/or to provide access to the lower airway to facilitate ventilatory support… Read More
2023-01-17 08:29
Injury to the teeth and the supporting alveolar bone occurs quite frequently,especially among children. Other more severe injuries to the soft and skeletal tissues of the orofacial area comm… Read More
2023-01-16 13:08
Infection in the jawbones may be localized or generalized. Generally, the localized forms of infection are the most common, with the focal osteitis/alveolitis(dry socket) occurring 1 to 7 da… Read More
2023-01-14 06:58
This is an infective condition of the orofacial tissues that may cause extensive tissue destruction with severe morbidity. The condition may initially manifest as an acute ulcerative necroti… Read More
2023-01-13 06:12
Bacterial infection can lead to the inflammation of the salivary glands. Bacterial sialedenitis commonly affects the parotid gland,submandibular glands are rarely affected.
ACUTE BACTERIAL S… Read More
2023-01-12 13:18
This disease is reported to be highly prevalent in parts of our African region where it affects children and in groups of persons with congenital disorders such as Down’s syndrome.Sign… Read More
2023-01-10 13:07
Is the inflammation of the gingiva covering a partially erupted or impacted tooth.Presents with deep pain, gingival swelling, pus production and gingivitis of the overlying gum.
Management
O… Read More
2023-01-09 06:02
The periodontium is a functional unit whose main roles include the support of the teeth within the jawbones and the provision of sensory information relating to the function of chewing… Read More
2022-12-31 00:15
This is a bacterial infection that often requires special attention since it is associated with extreme morbidity. It is a mixed bacterial infection whose pathogenesis principally involves e… Read More
2022-12-30 15:57
This is the most common gynaecological cancer. The risk factors for this condition are early age of first coitus, multiple sexual partners, having spouses with multiple sexual partners… Read More
2022-12-30 09:20
Orofacial cellulitis may emanate from any of the sources and sites given earlier.The principal micro-organism that precipitate cellulitis produce diverse toxins, enzymes, and cytokines that… Read More
2022-12-29 16:10
PERIAPICAL AND DENTOALVEOLAR ABSCESS
Occurs secondary to an infective process in the pulp.
Clinical Features
Clinically presents with pain and localized swelling adjacent to the carious toot… Read More
2022-12-24 11:51
Dental and Oral Conditions
Oral health is an integral part of general; health. It entails the health of the mouth (the oral cavity), the jaws, the teeth, and all the contiguous structu… Read More
2022-12-17 08:25
Breast Conditions
Breast disease presents in a variety of forms as lumps, breast pain, nipple discharge, breast ulcers, or eczema.
BREAST ABSCESS
This condition is common during lactation… Read More
2022-12-17 08:25
Breast Conditions
Breast disease presents in a variety of forms as lumps, breast pain, nipple discharge, breast ulcers, or eczema.
BREAST ABSCESS
This condition is common during lactation… Read More
2022-12-03 12:15
Anorectal Conditions
Clinical Features
There is pain usually on defecation that prevents proper sitting and causes immobility(commonly due to abscess, thrombosed haemorrhoids, or acute fiss… Read More
2022-10-28 16:00
INGUINAL HERNIA
Inguinal hernia is an extension of the processus vaginalis, which fails to close during foetal development. Through this opening abdominal content can herniate to varying ext… Read More
2022-10-28 12:50
During development, the gastrointestinal tract first develops into a tube that later canalizes. Failure of this process during any stage may result in intestinal atresia, which can affect an… Read More
2022-10-28 10:06
Clinical Features
Start classically with diffuse abdominal pain felt most prominently in the peritoeumblical area.
There is anorexia and nausea. Vomiting may follow.
Pain then settles in… Read More
2022-10-28 05:54
This is inflammation of the peritoneum. Appreciate that peritonitis could be due to Tuberculosis and could also be aseptic. The aseptic type is usually due to chemical irritants like pancre… Read More
2022-10-27 21:25
Clinical Features
In infants, suspect bowel obstruction if:
No meconium is evacuated within the first 24 hours of birth.
There is a green or bilious vomiting.
There is abdominal distension… Read More
2022-10-27 20:24
Abdominal Conditions
ACUTE ABDOMEN
Acute abdomen is a clinical term used to describe a syndrome that usually incorporates symptoms and signs in the abdomen. Central to the syndrome is sever… Read More
2022-10-27 15:15
Spinal injury could involve soft tissues(muscles and ligaments), bones(vertebrae and discs), and neural tissue(spinal cord and nerves). It is important for primary assessment to establish t… Read More
2022-10-27 11:47
With the high number of road traffic accidents and assaults, this is a fairly common injury. Early and proper management is critical in order to avoid death and long-term morbidity.
Investi… Read More
2022-10-27 07:53
This injury can present with an apparently frightening clinical picture. Do not panic! Traumatic injuries to the facial structures may be classified as:
Soft tissue injuries +- tissue loss… Read More
2022-10-26 21:37
PENETRATING INJURY
Common objects causing injury are knives, arrows, spears,and bullets.The objective of the management is to restore normal anatomy or physiology resulting from the stab inj… Read More
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